i^onjs^  d.;k. 


^ 


^R  DEPARTMENT  :  :  OFFICE  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF 


COMBINED 
INFANTRY  AND  CAVALRY 

DRILL  REGULATIONS 

FOR 

AUTOMATIC  MACHINE  RIFLE 
CALIBER  .30 

»A10DF-I,  OF  l^':*) 

CX)RR£Cfi:D  TO  APTiVi.  n.  1917 
(Change  No.  I) 


WAR  DEPARTMENT  :  :  OFFIOi  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFf- 

COMBINED 
INFANTRY  AND  CAVALRY 

DRILL  REGULATIONS 

FOR 

AUTOMATIC  MACHINE  RIFLE 
CALIBER  .30 

MODEL  OF  1909 

CORRECTED  TO  APRIL  15.  1917 
(Changes  No.  I ) 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

1917 


< 


WAR  DEPARTMENT, 

Docu^nt  No.  488. 
Office  ofthi  Chief  of  Staff, 


ADDITIONAL  COPIES 

OF  THIS  PUBLICATION  MAY  BE  PROCURED  FROM 

THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  DOCUMENTS 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

AT 

LO  CENTS   PER  COPY 


War  Department, 
Office  op  the  Chief  of  Staff, 

Washington,  March  29,  1915. 
The  following  combined  system  of  Infantry  and  Cavalry  Drill 
Regulations  for  Automatic  Machine  Rifle,  Caliber  .30,  Model  of 
1909,  prepared  by  a  board  of  officers  appointed  by  paragraph  14, 
Special  Orders,  No.  120,  War  Department,  1914,  is  approved  and 
herewith  issued  for  the  information  and  government  of  the  Regular 
Army  and  the  Organized  Militia  of  the  United  States. 
By  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War: 

Tasker  H.  Bliss, 
Brigadier  General,  Acting  Chief  of  Staff. 


640S38 


MACHINE-GUN    DRILL    REGULATIONS, 

1914. 

1.  It  is  presumed  that  members  of  a  machine-gun  organization 
are  primarily  cavalrymen  and  infantrymen  and  have  been  instructed 
as  such.  Subjects  covered  by  the  drill  regulations  of  the  particular 
arm  or  by  authorized  manuals  have  been  omitted  from  the  text, 
except  in  cases  where  the  importance  of  the  subject  renders  repeti- 
tion advisable. 

2.  All  members  of  a  machine-gun  organization  will  receive  in- 
struction in  all  that  pertains  to  the  machine  gun  and  its  equipment. 

3.  These  regulations  refer  to  the  automatic  machine  rifle,  caliber 
.30,  model  of  1909. 

4,  The  term  "machine-gun  organization"  refers  to  both  mounted 
and  dismounted  units.  Where  the  regulations  are  applicable  to 
Cavalry  only  or  to  Infantry  only,  it  will  be  indicated  as  Machine- 
Gun  Troop;  Machine-Gun  Company ;  Machine-Gun  Platoon,  Cav- 
alry; or  Machine-Gun  Platoon,  Infantry. 

SIGNALS. 

5,  Signals  used  by  machine-gun  organizations  will  be  those  pre- 
scribed in  the  drill  regulations  of  the  particular  arm,  field  service 
regulations  and  other  manuals  of  instruction  governing  the  arm. 

Prescribed  signals  are  limited  to  such  as  are  essential  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  the  voice  under  conditions  which  render  the  voice  in- 
adequate. 

Signals  described  in  these  regulations  as  peculiar  to  the  employ- 
ment of  machine  guns  are  prescribed  for  use  ohly  under  the  condi- 
tions described  above. 

(C.  C.  I.  and  C.  D.  R.  A.  M.  R.  No.  1.) 

6,  Action  Front  (Right,  Left  or  Rear). — Strike  three  or  four 
blows  with  the  clenched  fist  in  the  direction  in  which  action  is 
desired. 

5 


6  MACHINE-GUN  DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

7.  Rescinded. 

{C.  C.  I.  and  C.  D.  R.  A.  M.  R.  No.  1.) 

8.  Rescinded. 

(C.  C.  /.  and  C.  D.  R.  A.  M,  R.  No.  1.) 

9.  Close. — Extend  the  arm  horizontally  to  the  right  and  ])rlng 
the  hand  repeatedly  to  the  point  of  the  shoulder. 

10.  Extend. — Sweep  the  arm,  fully  extended,  slowly  and  hori- 
zontally across  the  body. 

!!•  Rescinded. 

(C.  C.  I.  and  C.  D.  R.  A.  M.  R.  No.  1.) 

a*  Rescinded. 

(C.  C.  L  and  C.  D.  R.  A.  M.  R.  No.  1.) 

13.  Rescinded. 

{C.  C.  I.  and  C.  D.  R.  A.  M.  R.  No.  1.) 

14.  Rescinded. 

(C.  C.  I.  and  C.  D.  R.  A.  M.  R.  No.  1.) 

THE  SQUAD. 

15.  Soldiers  are  grouped  into  squads  for  the  purpose  of  making 
units  for  the  operation  and  service  of  machine  guns  m  battle  and  to 
facilitate  their  control  and  movement. 

16.  Men  must  be  taught  the  necessity  not  only  of  remaining  with 
the  squad  to  which  they  belong,  but,  what  is  of  greater  importance, 
of  keeping  the  gun  sufficiently  manned  to  do  efficient  work  at  all 
times. 

17.  The  squad  dismounted  is  formed  and  maneuvered  as  pre- 
scribed for  the  squad  in  the  drill  regulations  of  the  arm  to  whicn  it 
belongs.  Four  members  of  the  squad  constitute  the  gun  squad;  one 
is  designated  as  gunner,  who  carries  the  rifle  and  gunner's  pouchy 
one  as  loader,  who  carries  ammunition;  and  one  as  tripod  carrier. 
The  fourth  member  of  the  squad  assists  in  the  operation  of  the  rifle, 
keeps  it  supplied  with  ammunition,  and  performs  such  other  duties 
as  may  be  assigned  to  him. 

18.  The  rifle  is  operated  by  the  gunner  and  the  loader,  the  former 
being  preferably  a  noncommissioned  officer  or  experienced  private. 

19.  When  not  assembled,  the  rifle  and  tripod  are  handled  in  the 
most  convenient  manner. 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  7 

TO   PREPARE    TO   FIRE. 

20.  Being  in  any  formation :  1.  Action  Front  (Right,  Left  or 
Rear). 

The  rifle  is  set  up  in  the  position  designated  by  the  squad  leader 
by  the  gunner  and  tripod  carrier.  With  the  tripod  at  its  maximum 
height,  the  gunner  sits  on  the  trail  seat;  at  other  elevations  he  takes 
the  most  suitable  position.  The  loader  places  his  ammunition  boxes 
within  convenient  reach  and  takes  such  position  on  the  right  of  the 
gun  as  will  enable  him  to  readily  perform  his  duties.  The  disposi- 
tion of  the  loads  carried  by  the  other  members  of  the  squad,  the 
duties  to  be  performed  and  the  position  to  be  occupied  by  each  will 
be  as  directed  by  the  squad  leader,  who  takes  position  so  as  to  best 
direct  the  fire  of  his  gun.  Sights  are  set  by  the  gunner  and  the  gun 
loaded  at  command  LOAD,  or  at  first  designation  of  the  target.  In 
order  to  reduce  exposure  to  hostile  fire,  no  more  men  than  are  abso- 
lutely necessary  should  be  kept  at  the  gun. 

.   21.  This  formation  of  the  squad,  with  the  gun  in  readiness  to  fire, 
is  termed  the  *' firing  formation." 


22.  Load. — The  gunner  cocks  the  rifle;  the  loader  raises  the  feed 

Eiece  high  enough  to  release  the  actuator  and  inserts  a  feed  strip, 
eing  careful  to  depress  the  outer  end  so  that  the  feed  strip  will 
properly  enter  the  feed  guides.  He  also  steadies  the  piece  by 
placing  the  left  hand  over  the  rear  sight  movable  base. 

23.  The  Cocking  Handle  Will  Always  be  Set  at  "Safe" 
Except  When  Actually  Firing. 

24.  After  the  first  command  for  loading,  the  loader,  unless  other- 
wise directed,  will  keep  the  rifle  loaded. 

to  unload. 

25.  Unload.— In  order  to  remove  a  partially  exhausted  feed  strip, 
the  gunner  sees  that  the  rifle  is  cocked  and  steadies  it  if  necessary. 
The  loader  raises  the  feed  piece  as  in  loading,  and  when  the  pawls  are 
disengaged  withdraws  the  strip  and  replaces  it  in  the  ammunition 
box. 

When  the  feed  strip  is  clear  of  the  guides,  the  gunner,  holding  the 
cocking  handle,  pulls  the  trigger  and  allows  the  actuator  to  move 


8  MACHINE-GUN-  DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

-slowly  forward  in  order  to  release  the  tension  on  the  actuator  spring. 
The  actuator  should  not  be  allowed  to  snap  forward  by  the  action  of 
the  spring  alone. 

26.  When  operating  the  rifle  alone,  the  gunner  performs  the 
operations  prescribed  for  the  loader. 

TO    CHANGE    THE    BARREL. 

37.  The  gunner  unscrews  the  barrel-locking  screw  and  rotates  the 
locking  nut.  The  loader  removes  the  barrel,  the  gunner  assisting, 
if  necessary,  by  inserting  the  screw-driver  end  of  the  dismounting 
wrench  between  the  barrel  and  receiver.  The  loader  mounts  the 
new  barrel,  pushing  it  home;  the  gunner  locks  the  locking  nut  and 
screws  up  the  locking  screw. 

28.  The  command  CHANGE  BARREL  (feed  piece,  firing  pin  or 
any  other  part)  should  be  frequently  given  during  drill. 

TO    SUSPEND   FIRING. 

39.  Suspend  Firing. — The  gunner  removes  his  finger  from  the 
trigger,  and  sets  the  cocking  handle  at  ''Safe."  If  the  feed  strip  is 
nearly  exhausted,  the  loader  inserts  a  full  one.  All  remain  in 
position. 

TO  cease  firing. 

30.  Cease  Firing. — The  gunner  sets  the  cocking  handle  at  "Safe  " 
and  the  piece  is  unloaded.  The  gunner  lowers  the  sight  leaf  and 
rej)laces  tools  in  the  gunner's  pouch.  The  loader  replaces  the  feed 
strips  in  the  box;  other  members  of  the  squad  assist  when  so  directed. 

31.  At  any  preparatorjr  command  for  movement.  Cease  Firing  is 
executed,  the  gun  is  dismounted  from  tripod,  and  all  loads  are 
prepared  for  carrying. 

FIRINGS. 

CIASSIFICATION    OF   FIRE. 

32.  Machine-gun  fire  is  classified  and  subdivided  as  follows: 

(a.  Fixed, 
t  6. 


1.  According  to  the  manner  in  which  a  target  1 6.  Distributed. 

is  covered  with  fire^  \c.  Searching. 

[d.  Combined  sights. 

2.  According  to  its  use ft;  ^^^fe. 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  9 

DEFINITIONS  AND  USE. 

33.  Fixed  fire  is  that  in  which  the  gun  is  directed  and  fire  delivered 
at  a  small  target,  or  at  a  single  aiming  point  on  a  large  target. 

Distributed  fire  is  that  in  which  the  fire  is  distributed  along  a  line, 
a  number  of  different  aiming  points  being  used.  These  points  must 
be  selected  close  enough  together  to  insure  the  target  being  covered 
with  fire. 

Searching  fire  is  that  in  which  the  fire  of  the  gun  is  distributed  in 
the  direction  of  depth. 

Combined  sights  are  used  for  the  same  purpose  as  searching  fire, 
i.  e.,  to  secure  distribution  in  the  direction  of  depth.  For  this  fire 
two  or  more  guns  must  be  employed,  and  such  differences  made  in 
the  elevation  of  the  guns  or  each  pair  of  guns  that  their  beaten  zones 
will  overlap  and  a  greater  total  depth  of  beaten  zone  be  thus  secured. 

Ranging  fire  has  for  its  object  the  determination  or  verification  of 
the  firing  data  when  no  range-finding  instrument  is  available. 

Fire  for  effect  has  for  its  object  the  infliction  of  losses  upon  the 
enemy. 

APPLICATION   OF  FIRE. 

34.  In  battle  the  question  as  to  whether  or  not  a  certain  target  is 
ti^  be  taken  under  fire  is  a  tactical  one,  and  must  be  decided  according 
to  the  conditions  of  the  combat  and  the  particular  mission  assigned 
to  the  machine-gun  organization. 

35.  The  tactical  employment  of  the  guns  and  selection  of  targets 
are  discussed  in  these  regulations.  The  decision  having  been  made 
to  take  a  certain  objective  or  target  under  fire,  it  remains  for  the 
machine-gun  commander  to  determine  how  best  to  apply  the  fire 
power  of  his  guns  to  accomplish  the  desired  result. 

36.  To  secure  the  greatest  moral  and  material  effects,  the  burst  of 
fire  from  the  guns  must  be  sudden  and  unexpected  and  continued 
without  interruption  until  the  desired  effect  is  produced. 

37.  "Ranging  fire,"  therefore,  must  not  be  employed  unless  it  is 
certain  that  the  ultimate  results  of  the  fire  will  be  materially  in- 
creased by  the  opportunity  thus  afforded  for  a  more  perfect  adjust- 
ment of  the  fire. 

This  implies  that  ranging  fire  should  not  be  attempted  against  tar- 
gets which,  by  moving,  could  disappear  from  view  in  the  interval 
between  ranging  fire  and  fire  for  effect  nor  should  it  be  attempted 
when  the  guns  themselves  are  under  fire. 

90232°— 17 2 


10  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

In  these  cases  fire  for  effect  should  be  opened  at  once  and  any  ad- 
justment, during  the  natural  pauses  in  the  fire,  left  to  the  platoon 
leaders  and  those  directly  concerned  with  the  control  of  fire. 

FIRE    DIRECTION   AND   FIRE    CONTROL. 

38.  The  captain,  through  his  officers  and  noncommissioned 
officers,  directs  and  controls  the  fire  of  the  organization. 

The  following  paragraphs  set  forth,  in  a  general  way,  the  functions 
and  duties  of  the  officers,  noncommissioned  officers  and  gunners. 

39.  The  captain — 

1.  Selects  and  designates  the  target,  allotting  to  each  platoon  its 
sector. 

2.  Causes  the  range  to  be  measured,  or,  if  instrumental  range 
finders  are  not  available,  calls  upon  the  platoon  commanders  for  an 
estimate  of  the  range,  and  takes  a  mean  of  the  estimates  furnished 
him. 

3.  Decides  what  kind  of  fire  is  to  be  employed  and  how  many  guns  • 
are  to  be  used.     He  also  decides  whether  separate  aiming  points  are 
to  be  used  for  each  gun  or  platoon  or  whether  a  single  aiming  point 
is  to  be  used  for  all  guns. 

40.  The  platoon  commander — 

1 .  If  called  upon  for  an  estimate  of  the  range,  causes  the  range  to  be 
estimated  by  two  or  more  members  of  his  platoon  best  qualified  in 
the  estimation  of  distances  and  announces  the  mean  of  their  esti- 
mates to  the  captain. 

2.  Allots  to  each  gun  its  sector  and  puts  into  execution  the  com- 
mands or  directions  of  the  captain,  having  first  taken  such  pre- 
cautions to  insure  correct  sight  setting  and  clear  description  of  the 
target  as  the  situation  permits  or  requires;  thereafter  gives  such 
additional  commands  or  directions  as  are  necessary  to  exact  com- 
pliance with  the  captain's  will;  he  corrects  the  sight  setting  when 
necessary;  he  designates  an  aiming  point  when  the  target  can  not 
be  seen;  he  keeps  on  the  alert  for  signals  from  the  captain;  replaces 
casualties  at  the  guns;  keeps  a  careful  check  on  ammunition  so  that 
he  can  report  at  any  time  the  amount  available  for  immediate  use. 

41.  If  a  platoon  be  detached  and  acting  alone,  the  platoon  com- 
mander exercises  the  functions  outlined  above  for  the  captain. 

42.  Supernumerary  enlisted  men  assist  the  captain  in  the  obser- 
vation of  fire  and  perform  such  other  duties  as  he  may  direct. 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  11 

43.  In  the  platoon  organization  the  sergeant  assists  the  platoon 
commander. 

44.  The  squad  leader — 

1.  Repeats  to  the  gunner  such  firing  data,  orders  and  commands 
as  may  be  given  and  sees  that  they  are  properly  executed. 

2.  Observes  the  effect  of  fire  of  his  gun  and  makes  such  corrections 
in  the  sight  setting  and  in  the  number  of  shots  fired  at  each  aiming 
point  as  are  necessary  to  make  the  fire  more  effective.  He  con- 
stantly endeavors  to  carry  out  the  will  of  his  superior  officers  and 
keeps  on  ,the  alert  for  commands  and  signals. 

3.  Keeps  the  gun  properly  manned  by  details  from  his  own  squad; 
keeps  check  on  the  ammunition,  so  as  to  be  prepared  at  all  times  to 
report  the  amount  remaining  on  hand  available  for  immediate  use; 
and  sees  that  the  immediate  supply  of  ammunition  is  so  placed  that 
the  action  of  the  gun  will  not  be  delayed  for  lack  of  ammunition. 

45.  The  gunner — 

1.  Keeps  his  gun  in  proper  working  order  and  obeys  implicitly  the 
orders  of  the  squad  leader. 

METHOD  OF  INSTRUCTION. 

46.  The  importance  of  maintaining  fire  discipline  and  securing 
implicit  obedience  to  the  commands  of  the  captain  or  other  oflicer 
directing  or  controlling  the  fire  of  machine  guns  in  battle  is  so  great 
that  a  portion  of  each  day's  drill  or  training  will  be  devoted  to 
instruction  in  the  firings. 

47.  Firing  instruction  in  the  squad  must  have  for  its  object  the 
attainment  of  proficiency  in  the  mechanical  operation  and  manipu- 
lation of  the  piece  and  the  development  of  fire  discipline. 

48.  Firing  instruction  with  the  gun  squads  combined  must  follow 
this  instruction  in  the  squad,  and  has  for  its  object  the  instruction 
of  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers  in  fire  control  and  in  the 
application  of  fire,  as  well  as  in  the  development  of  fire  discipline. 

49.  Feed  strips  loaded  with  dummy  cartridges  should  always  be 
used  for  drill  and  instruction,  loading  being  simulated  only  when 
such  cartridges  are  not  available. 

When  ammunition  is  available,  instruction  should  frequently  be 
held  with  ball  cartridges. 


12  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

50.  In  battle,  targets  ordinarily  will  remain  exposed  to  view  in 
the  open  but  a  short  time;  therefore  great  skill  in  the  service  of  the 
piece  and  a  high  order  of  fire  discipline  are  required  to  deliver 
quickly  an  effective  fire  upon  such  targets, 

51.  The  squad  is  practiced  in  directing  the  gun  quickly  upon  a 
suddenly  appearing  target,  in  following  its  movements  and  in  keep- 
ing up  an  effective  fire  upon  if. 

52.  Targets  moving  at  various  angles  to  the  front  and  at  different 
rates  of  speed  should  be  frequently  selected;  mounted  detachments 
or  vehicles  appearing  on  the  terrain  may  be  utilized  for  targets. 

53.  Every  means  should  be  utilized  in  the  arrangement  of  targets 
to  secure  different  ranges  and  different  degrees  of  visibility  in  order 
that  the  maximum  amount  of  instruction  may  be  imparted  in  pick- 
ing up  and  describing  them,  in  range  finding,  and,  in  fact,  in  all 
that  goes  with  the  actual  operation  and  service  of  the  guns  in  action. 

54.  Silhouettes  arranged  in  lines  of  different  lengths  should  be 
placed  in  positions  that  will  be  at  different  angles  to  the  front  of  the 
position  selected  for  the  gun  or  guns  used  in  this  instruction. 

55.  For  indoor  practice  the  ingenuity  of  the  instructor  must  be 
called  upon  for  the  preparation  and  arrangement  of  various  miniature  ' 
targets  to  represent  those  ordinarily  met  with  in  battle. 

THE  GUN  SQUAD. 

56.  The  squad  leader  should  have — 

1.  Such  perfect  knowledge  of  his  gun  that  he  can  determine  at 
once  the  cause  of  the  failure  of  any  part  to  function. 

2.  A  sufficient  knowledge  of  the  ballistic  properties  of  the  maclune 
gun  to  enable  him  to  obtain  the  greatest  effect  from  its  fire. 

3.  A  knowledge  of  the  influence  of  ground — 

(a).  With  reference  to  the  position  of  his  gtm. 

(6).  With  reference  to  the  position  of  the  objective. 

4.  A  quick  apprehension  of  his  target  and  of  opportunities  to  inflict 
heavy  losses. 

57.  The  gunner  occupies  the  most  important  position  in  the  gun 
squad  in  so  far  as  accurate  delivery  of  fire  is  concerned.  All  men 
of  the  organization  will  be  instructed  in  the  duties  of  this  position. 
The  gunner  should  be  selected  from  the  men  showing  the  greatest 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  13 

aptitude  and  attaining  the  greatest  proficiency  at  machine-gun  target 
practice. 

Firing  alone  will  not  determine  the  qualifications  for  this  post. 
He  should  be  able — 

1.  To  know  instinctively  when  his  gun  is  not  correctly  adjusted. 

2.  To  load  the  piece  in  any  position,  without  the  assistance  of  the 
loader. 

3.  To  manipulate  the  rear  and  telescopic  sights  rapidly  and 
accurately. 

4.  To  aim  quickly  and  accurately. 
Before  firing,  the  gunner  must — 

1.  Make  sure  that  the  barrel  is  clear. 

2.  See  that  the  regulator  is  properly  set. 

3.  Oil  the  mechanism. 

4.  Test  the  mechanism  hj  rapidly  opening  and  closing  the  breech 
several  times  to  insure  that  it  works  freely  and  smoothly. 

58.  All  members  of  the  gun  squad  must  be  so  instructed  that  each 
is  qualified  to  perform  the  duties  of  each  position. 

COMMUNICATION    AND    EXECUTION    OF   FIRING   DATA. 

59.  The  term  ''firing  data"  is  used  to  designate  the  complete 
information  that  the  gunner  must  have  before  opening  fire.  Firing 
data  is  communicated  in  the  following  manner: 

1.  The  target,  and,  if  necessary,  the  particular  aiming  point  on  the 
target. 

2.  Elevation  and  deflection. 

3.  Kind  of  fire  to  be  used. 

4.  Number  of  cartridges  or  strips  to  be  used. 

In  action  the  precision  with  which  firing  data  must  be  announced 
will  depend  upon  the  proficiency  of  the  personnel. 

60.  In  order  to  insure  uniformity  of  instruction  throughout  the 
organization,  it  may  be  advisable  to  form  the  noncommissioned 
officers  into  a  squad,  with  the  captain  or  one  of  the  lieutenants  as 
squad  leader,  and  conduct  the  exercises  until  the  idea  and  purpose 
of  the  instruction  are  so  thoroughly  understood  that  each  noncom- 
missioned officer  can  impart  instruction  in  an  intelligent,  proper 
and  uniform  maimer  to  the  members  of  his  squad. 


14  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

61.  Examples  of  the  communication  of  firing  data  by  the  squad 
leader  to  the  gunner  are  as  fellows: 

1.  Target. — That  machine  gun  at  12  o'clock,  or  such  and  such 
portion  of  that  infantry  line,  at  2  o'clock,  or  aiming  point  (such  an 
object). 

2.  Battle  sight,  or  800  (900,  1,000). 

3.  Right  (left)  one  (or  so  many). 

4.  Fix,  or  distribute,  or  search. 

5.  One  (or  so  many)  strips. 

6.  Commence  firing. 

63.  The  squad  leadej,  in  his  description  of  the  target  or  aiming 
point  and  in  his  designation  of  the  portion  to  be  covered  by  the 
gunner  in  firing,  while  being  as  concise  as  possible,  must  assure  him- 
self that  the  gunner  understands  his  directions  thoroughly. 

63.  The  squad  leader  should  be  equipped  with  field  glasses  to  aid 
him  in  his  definition  of  the  target,  and  the  gunner  has  the  telescopic 
sight,  which  he  should  use,  if  necessary,  to  follow  the  leader's 
description  and  pick  out  his  aiming  point. 

64.  The  following  commands  or  appropriate  signals  given  during 
pauses  in  the  firing  may  be  used  to  communicate  changes  in  the 
firing  data: 

To  increase  or  decrease  the  elevation  100  (or  such  number  of) 
yards:  UP:  100  (or  such  number).     DOWN:  100  (or  such  number). 

If  the  command  UP  or  DOWN  be  given  without  any  number 
added,  the  gunner  raises  or  lowers  the  point  of  strike  of  the  bullets 
by  use  of  the  elevating  gear  and  does  not  change  the  sight  setting, 
but  selects  his  point  or  points  of  aim  above  or  below  the  target. 

To  change  the  deflection  to  the  right  or  left  any  number  of  points: 

Right:  One  (or  such  number). 

Left:  One  (or  such  number). 

If  the  command  RIGHT  or  LEFT  be  given  without  any  number 
added,  the  gunner  moves  the  point  of  strike  of  the  bullets  to  the  right 
or  left  by  traversing  and  does  not  change  the  sight  setting,  but 
selects  his  point  of  aim  farther  to  the  right  or  left. 

To  change  the  kind  of  fire,  the  appropriate  command,  FIX, 
DISTRIBUTE  or  SEARCH,  is  given. 

If  a  complete  change  of  targets  be  desired,  the  command  SL^S- 
PEND  FIRING  should  be  given  and  appropriate  data  for  the  new 
target  announced. 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  15 

THE  GUN  SQUADS  COMBINED. 

65.  Previous  to  taking  the  firing  formation,  firing  data  may  be 
communicated  to  the  platoon  leaders,  and  when  practicable  to  squad 
leaders,  they  having  preceded  the  guns  for  this  purpose. 

66.  The  firing  data  announced  by  the  captain  will  designate  the 
target  for  each  platoon  and  the  range  and  deflection,  the  kind  of 
fire  and  the  number  of  rounds  being  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  pla- 
toon commanders. 

67.  The  command  COMMENCE  FIRING  is  given  by  the  captain 
when  all  guns  are  ready  unless  he  has  previously  commanded  FIRE 
WHEN  READY. 

68.  To  facilitate  observation  of  the  effect  of  fire,  the  right  gun 
only  of  each  group  with  the  same  aiming  point,  should  fire  at  com- 
mand. The  fire  of  each  other  gun  of  the  group  should  be  delayed 
for  a  few  seconds  after  the  opening  of  fire  by  the  gun  on  its  right. 

THE    PACKER. 

69.  The  object  of  this  instruction  is  detailed  training  in — 

(a)  Setting  up  and  fitting  the  aparejo,  as  prescribed  in  the  hand- 
book of  the  Automatic  Machine  Rifle,  Caliber  30,  Model  of  1909. 

(b)  Care  of  equipment. 

(c)  Care  of  pack  animal. 

(d)  Harnessing  and  unharnessing. 

CARE    OF   EQUIPMENT. 

70.  The  leather  parts  of  the  equipment  should  be  exposed  to  the 
sun  as  little  as  possible  and  when  wet  should  be  dried  in  the  shade. 

71.  Immediately  after  the  equipment  is  removed  from  the  animal, 
canvas  parts  should  be  scraped  free  from  all  adhering  substances, 
with  a  dull  but  smooth-edged  knife.  Especially  must  constant  at- 
tention be  given  to  the  cleanliness  and  pliability  of  the  canvas  of 
the  corona,  crupper  and  cincha,  and  of  the  dock  piece.  The  canvas 
side  of  the  corona  and  crupper  should  not  be  exposed  to  the  sun  for 
the  purpose  of  drying. 

73.  Woolen  parts  should  be  rubbed  between  the  hands  or  hung  up 
and' beaten  with  switches  or  wands  to  remove  dust,  mud  and  hair, 
and  to  make  them  soft  and  pliable.     They  should  be  exposed  fre- 


16  MACHINE-GUN"  DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

quently  to  the  sun,   completely  unfolded.    Blankets  should  be 
washed  in  tepid  water  at  least  once  a  month. 

73.  Metal  parts  must  be  kept  free  from  dust,  dirt,  sweat  and  hair. 
Those  issued  with  coats  of  paint  or  lacquer  are  to  be  maintained  in 
that  condition.  Bright  parts  should  be  polished.  The  tongues, 
rollers  and  keepers  of  buckles  must  work  freely,  to  which  end  the 
straps  must  be  unbuckled  in  cleaning. 

DISPOSITION    OF   THE    EQUIPMENT. 

74.  The  aparejo  with  crupper,  sobrejalma  and  pack  frame  attached 
rests  on  its  boots;  crupper  doubled  forward;  the  cincha  passed  over 
the  frame  as  in  unharnessing;  the  blanket  is  folded  and  placed  on  the 
cincha,  folded  edge  to  the  front;  the  corona,  folded,  canvas  side  in, 
is  placed  on  the  blanket,  folded  edge  to  the  front.  When  exposed 
to  the  weather,  the  aparejos  must  be  covered  with  the  rigging  cover. 
The  bridle  and  blinder  are  hung  on  pegs  or  laid  across  the  corona. 
Loads  should  be  kept  with  the  pack  harness  to  which  they  pertain. 
All  articles  should  be  plainly  marked  with  the  number  of  the  animal 
to  which  they  are  fitted. 

75o  In  camp  the  aparejos  of  each  platoon  should  be  in  line  parallel 
to  and  in  rear  of  the  line  of  tents,  the  center  of  the  aparejos  being  in 
the  center  of  the  space  allotted  to  the  platoon.  Aparejos  may  be 
similarly  kept  at  the  picket  line. 

The  aparejos  should  be  raised  from  the  ground.  If  suitable 
material  can  not  be  obtained,  they  may  be  placed  on  ammunition 
boxes.  Bridles  and  blinders  should  be  placed  on  the  corona  before 
the  packs  are  covered  with  the  rigging  cover. 

The  rifle  should  be  kept  in  the  case  and  when  practicable  under 
cover. 

76.  It  is  important  that  the  men  be  trained  to  place  the  equipment 
as  prescribed,  for  in  field  service,  mules  must  frequentljr  be  saddled 
in  the  darkness  and  it  is  imperative  that  an  unvarying  uniform 
method  of  placing  the  equipment  be  adopted  in  order  to  avoid 
confusion  and  delay. 

CARE    OF   THE    PACK   ANIMAL. 

77.  In  order  that  injuries  and  sickness  may  be  avoided  or  promptly 
discovered  and  cured,  the  animals  are  carefully  inspected  by  their 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  17 

drivers  immediately  after  they  are  unharnessed,  and  the  results  are 
reported  to  squad  leaders,  who  will  inspect  to  see  that  this  duty  is 
efficiently  performed.  Such  correction  or  treatment  as  is  practicable 
is  applied  at  once,  and  difficult  or  serious  cases  are  reported  to  the 
stable  sergeant. 

78.  Report  should  be  made  of  abrasions,  lumps,  bunches,  swell- 
ings, rope  burns,  discharges  from  eyes,  nose  and  mouth,  loss  of 
shoes,  failure  to  feed  properly,  cases  of  fatigue — in  short  everything 
indicating  the  existence  of  disease  or  injury  in  need  of  correction. 

79,  Bunches  under  the  aparejo  are  caused  by  the  sudden  relief  of 
excessive  pressure  on  that  part  of  the  body.  To  determine  the  loca- 
tion of  the  fault  in  the  aparejo,  the  face  of  the  bunch  is  wet  with 
water,  the  aparejo  is  placed  in  its  correct  seat  without  corona  or 
blanket  and  with  the  crupper  turned  forward,  is  gently  rocked 
from  side  to  side.  Upon  removal,  a  damp  spot  on  its  surface  will 
indicate  where  a  portion  of  the  filling  should  be  carefully  removed 
without  disturbing  the  remainder.  The  bunch  will  disappear  on 
the  next  day's  travel;  if  not  traveling,  a  bunched  animal  snould  be 
loaded  and  exercised ;  one  or  two  hours  is  sufficient. 

80,  Sores  and  abrasions  may  be  caused  by  the  presence  of  foreign 
substances,  such  as  burs  or  gravel,  and  by  inequalities  or  wrinkles 
in  corona,  blanket  or  cincha.  Sores  under  the  crupper  and  dock 
piece  result  from  the  aparejo  riding  too  far  forward  or  because  the 
boots  are  too  close  to  the  animal 's  body  or  do  not  carry  horizontal  or 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  animal.  Abrasions  of  the  withers  or  loins 
indicate  that  the  saddle  bars  are  not  horizontal  or  that  they  are  not 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  animal  or  that  the  arches  are  too  broad  or 
too  narrow. 

Abrasions  are  treated  by  the  temporary  removal  of  the  surfaces  in 
contact  and  by  the  application  of  antiseptic,  cooling  and  healing 
powders  and  lotions. 

81.  In  general,  swellings  are  caused  by  pressure  and  sores  by  fric- 
tion. They  can  be  avoided  only  by  correct  setting  up  of  the  ai)arejo, 
its  proper  fitting,  and  its  modification  to  conform  to  changes  in  the 
condition  of  the  animal.  Very  tight  cinching  instead  of  correcting 
bad  adjustment  causes  swellings,  pain,  fatigue  and  excessive  sweat- 
ing, and  makes  the  animal  unruly  and  hard  to  manage  in  its  effort  to 
get  rid  of  the  load. 

90232°— 17 3 


IS  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

HARNESSING   AND    UNHARNESSING. 

83.  The  blanket,  after  being  well  shaken,  will  be  folded  into  six 
thicknesses,  as  follows:  Hold  it  well  up  by  the  two  corners  the  short 
way  up  and  down;  double  it  lengthwise  (so  the  fold  will  come  across 
the  '^U"  and  "  S"),  the  folded  corner  (middle  of  blanket)  in  the  left 
hand;  take  the  folded  corner  between  the  thumb  and  second  finger 
of  the  right  hand,  thumb  pointing  to  the  left;  slip  the  left  hand 
down  the  folded  edge  two-thirds  its  length  and  seize  it  with  the 
thumb  and  second  finger;  raise  the  hands  to  the  height  of  the  shoul- 
ders, the  blanket  between  them  extended;  bring  the  hands  together, 
the  double  fold  falling  outward;  keeping  the  folded  corner  between 
the  thumb  and  second  finger  of  the  right  hand,  slip  the  first  finger  of 
the  right  hand  between  the  folds  and  seize  the  double  folded  corner; 
turn  the  left  (disengaged)  corner  to  the  left  and  seize  it  and  the  other 
double  fold  with  the  left  hand  and  stretch  and  even  the  folds;  raise 
the  blanket  and  place  it  between  the  chin  and  breast;  slip  the  hands 
down  halfway,  the  first  two  fingers  of  each  hand  outside  (in  front), 
the  other  fingers  and  thumb  inside  (behind),  seize  the  blanket  with 
the  thumbs  and  first  two  fingers,  let  the  part  under  the  chin  fall 
forward;  hold  the  blanket,  arms  extended,  even  the  lower  edges, 
seize  the  middle  points  between  the  thumbs  and  forefingers  and 
flirt  the  outside  part  over  the  right  arm;  the  blanket  is  thus  held 
before  placing  it  on  the  pack  animal. 

The  blanket  when  folded  is  like  a  flattened  S  instead  of  like  a  flat- 
tened spiral  o  and  .wrinkles  can  be  more  easily  detected. 

TO    HARNESS. 

83.  All  men  are  instructed  in  the  duties  of  both  near  and  off 
packers.  In  harnessing  and  unharnessing  they  work  in  pairs,  one 
on  each  side  of  the  pack  animal. 

A  quiet,  well-trained  animal  is  assigned  to  two  recruits,  each  of 
whom  should  be  supervised  at  first  by  a  thoroughly  instructed  man. 
The  instructor  causes  an  animal  to  be  harnessed  and  packed  and 
points  out  the  names  of  the  different  parts  of  the  pack  outfit  and 
explains  their  use.  He  then  has  the  pack  and  harness  taken  off 
and  placed  in  rear  of  the  aniijial. 

84.  The  pack  outfit  being  in  position,  the  instructor  causes  the 
recruits  to  stand  to  heel,  and  commands: 

1.  By  detail,  harness. 

Upon  the  completion  of  each  detail  the  recruits  remain  in  place. 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  19 

2.  BRIDLE.  The  near  packer  seizes  the  blinder  and  bridle, 
placing  the  former  over  his  arm;  with  the  reins  in  the  right  hand  and 
the  bit  in  the  left,  he  approaches  the  mule  from  the  near  side,  slips 
the  reins  over  the  head,  letting  them  rest  on  the  neck,  reaches  under 
and  engages  the  snap  in  the  right  cheek-piece  ring,  inserts  the  bit  in 
the  mule's  mouth,  and  engages  the  snap  m  the  left  cheek-piece  ring. 

The  bit  should  hang  so  as  to  touch  but  not  draw  up  the  corners  of 
the  mouth. 

3.  BLINDER.  The  near  packer  takes  hold  of  the  halter  with  the 
left  hand,  grasps  the  edge  of  the  blinder  near  one  end  with  the  right 
hand ;  carries  it  well  over  the  animal 's  neck  to  the  off  side,  tail  down; 
brings  the  blinder  well  to  the  front  over  the  ears  and  places  it  over 
the  eyes,  the  tail  on  top  of  the  neck.  The  blinder  should  not  be 
raised  too  high  in  passing  it  over  the  neck  as  the  animal  may  duck 
from  it. 

A  pack  mule  is  blinded  during  harnessing  and  packing  and  until 
trained  during  unpacking  and  unharnessing.  To  teach  it  not  to 
move  when  blinded  the  bUnder  must  always  be  removed  before 
requiring  it  to  change  position. 

4.  CORONA.  The  off  packer  seizes  the  corona  at  the  ends  of  its 
center  seam  and  throwing  the  half  over  his  arm,  as  explained  for  the 
blanket  in  paragraph  82,  places  it  on  the  mule,  still  keeping  hold  of 
the  middle  points;  slides  it  once  or  twice  from  front  to  rear  to  smooth 
the  hair,  being  careful  to  raise  it  in  bringing  it  forward. 

5.  BLANKET.  The  off  packer  on  the  near  side  places  the  folded 
blanket  on  the  corona,  upper  folded  edge  to  the  rear,  in  a  manner 
similar  to  that  prescribed  for  putting  on  the  corona.  He  then  passes 
to  the  off  side  and  with  the  assistance  of  the  near  packer  on  the  near 
side  smooths  and  evens  the  blanket. 

6.  SADDLE.  Both  packers,  each  working  on  his  own  side,  grasp 
the  aparejo  hj  the  lower  corners,  raising  it  high  enough  to  clear  the 
rump  and  set  it  on  the  back  a  little  in  rear  of  its  proper  position. 

7.  CRUPPER.  The  near  packer  takes  hold  of  the  crupper  with 
both  hands;  the  left  hand  on  lower  edge,  fingers  under;  the  right 
hand  on  upper  edge,  palm  down;  the  off  packer  takes  hold  similarly, 
hands  reversed;  both  raise  crupper  well  up,  reverse  it,  and  turn  it 
down  over  the  croup.  The  quicker  the  action  the  more  easily  the 
crupper  is  turned.  The  near  packer  raises  the  animal's  tail  and 
places  the  dock  piece  well  under  it,  taking  care  that  no  hairs  are 
caught.     Both  then  place  the  breast  against  crupper  to  hold  it  in 


20  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

place  and  set  the  aparejo  forward  into  position,  taking  care  to  keep  it 
straight,  the  near  packer  with  the  right  hand  on  the  center  of  the 
aparejo  and  his  left  on  rear  corner,  and^the  off  packer  with  left  hand 
on  the  center  of  aparejo  and  his  right  Hand  on  the  rear  corner.  The 
off  packer  goes  to  the  side  of  the  mule,  pulls  the  gas  pipe  end  of  the 
cincha  toward  him,  and  guiding  it  down  the  middle  passes  it  under 
the  belly  to  the  near  packer.  He  then  steps  to  the  shoulder,  faces  to 
the  rear,  and  places  his  right  hand  between  the  corona  and  withers 
and  his  left  hand  on  the  rear  corner  of  the  aparejo.  The  near  packer 
seizes  the  end  of  the  cincha  at  its  corner^nd  passes  the  cincha  strap 
through  the  cincha  eye  from  above,  brings  it  up,  and  passes  it  through' 
the  rendering  ring  from  above  and  again  through  the  cincha  eye  to 
the  right  of  the  other  part  of  the  strap.  He  then  grasps  the  cincha 
strap  near  the  cincha  eye  in  his  left  hand  and  places  the  right  hand 
on  the  rear  corner  of  the  aparejo. 

8.  CINCHA.  Both  packers  hold  the  aparejo  forward  in  place, 
taking  care  not  to  raise  the  front  of  the  aparejo.  The  near  packer 
pulls  the  cincha  strap  taut  with  his  left  hand,  and  calls  Set.  At 
this  the  off  packer  passes  in  rear  and  observes  whether  the  aparejo  is 
straight;  if  not,  it  is  correctly  adjusted.  He  then  takes  hold  of  the 
cincha  strap  on  the  right  side  of  the  near  packer  and  places  his 
right  knee  against  the  boot.  The  near  packer  raises  his  left 
foot  to  the  boot  and  both  pull  together  until  the  cincha  eye  is  at  the 
edge  of  the  boot,  with  the  cincha  in  the  center  of  the  aparejo,  after 
which  the  off  packer  returns  to  the  off  side.  The  near  packer  passes 
the  cincha  strap  through  the  finger  loop  from  above,  assisted  by  the 
off  packer  if  necessary,  and  secures  it.  He  then  removes  the  blinder 
and  passes  it  over  his  left  shoulder  with  the  tail  under  the  right  arm. 

85.  Toharness  without  detail:  HARNESS. 

TO    UNHARNESS. 

86.  1.  By  detail,  unharness. 

2.  BLINDER.     (Par.  84-3.) 

3.  UNSADDLE.  The  near  packer  loosens  the  cincha  strap  and 
folds  his  end  of  the  cincha  over  the  pack  frame.  Both  then  push 
the  aparejo  slightly  to  the  rear.  The  near  packer  places  his  left 
hand  on  the  upper  edge  of  the  crupper,  his  right  on  the  lower  edge; 
the  off  packer  takes  a  corresponding  position,  hands  reversed;  both 
together  raise  the  crupper  and  turn  it  forward  over  the  cincha;  take 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  21 

hold  of  the  aparejo  as  in  saddling,  pass  it  backward  over  the  rump 
and  lower  it  carefully  to  its  place  in  rear. 

4.  BLANKET  AND  CORONA.  The. off  packer  on  the  near 
side,  grasping  the  front  and  rear  edges  of  the  blanket  at  the  middle 
points,  removes  it;  allows  it  to  fall  into  a  fold  between  his  hands  and 
places  it  along  the  near  side  of  the  corona;  grasps  the  corona  at  the 
middle  points  of  its  front  and  rear  edges,  removes  blanket  and 
corona,  and  places  both  on  the  aparejo,  corona  on  top. 

5.  UNBRIDLE.  The  near  packer  removes  the  blinder  and  un- 
bridles, and  places  blinder  and  bridle  on  the  corona. 

87.  To  unharness  without  detail:  UNHARNESS. 

PACKING   AND    UNPACKING. 

88.  The  mule  being  harnessed  and  in  front  of  his  load,  the  in- 
structor commands:  1.  PACK.  At  this  command  each  packer  pro- 
cures a  hanger  containing  the  side  loads  and  hangs  it  on  the  hanger 
hooks  of  the  frame.  The  load-holding-down  clip  is  adjusted  so  that 
when  the  clasp  is  passed  through  the  staple  on  the  lower  side  bar  of 
the  frame  the  clip  will  be  drawn  taut  and  held  so  by  the  keeper. 

The  weight  of  both  hangers  should  come  upon  the  aparejo  at  the 
same  time  in  order  to  avoid  a  possible  turning  of  the  aparejo.  The 
top  load,  if  any,  is  then  put  in  place  and  fastened  with  the  straps 
provided. 

89.  Unpack. — The  top  and  side  loads  are  removed  in  reverse 
order  from  that  in  which  they  were  placed  in  position.  .  , 

TO   PREPARE   THE    RIFLE    FOR   ACTION, 

90.  In  active  service  the  guns  will  rarely  be  unpacked  at  the 
actual  firing  position.  The  necessity  of  approaching  a  position 
under  cover  will  seldom  permit  taking  the  animals  to  the  selected 
position,  and  ordinarily  they  will  be  taken  only  as  far  forward  as 
cover  can  be  found  for  them.  This  must,  however,  be  as  close  to  the 
position  as  possible.  From  this  point  to  the  firing  position  the  gun, 
its  accessories  and  ammunition  must  be  moved  by  hand. 

91.  In  the  following  instruction,  designed  to  teach  the  mechanism 
of  preparing  the  gun  for  action  and  moving  it  into  the  firing  position, 
full  advantage  must  be  taken  of  whatever  cover  the  terrain  affords 
for  unpacking  the  gun  and  moving  it  forward.    Varied  ground  must 


22  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

be  sought  for  this  instruction  and  the  position  of  the  enemy  must 
always  be  assumed. 

The  animals  to  be  unpg^cked,  the  amount  of  ammunition,  etc.,  to 
be  moved  to  the  firing  position  should  always  be  designated. 

93.  At  command  (pars.  114  and  159)  the  squad  halts.  The  gunner 
withdraws  the  rifle  from  the  case.  The  loader  removes  ammunition 
boxes  and  case  with  spare  barrel;  the  tripod  carrier  removes  the 
tripod,  with  such  assistance  as  may  be  necessary.  The  remaining 
members  of  the  squad  remove  ammunition  and  such  of  the  loads  of 
the  other  animals  as  may  have  been  indicated  by  the  squad  leader. 
The  squad  leader  assembles  the  squad  in  front  of  the  led  animals, 

93.  No  exact  method  can  be  prescribed  for  the  advance  to  the  firing 
position,  as  the  method  to  be  adopted  will  be  governed  by  the  con- 
ditions surrounding  each  problem. 

The  squad  leader  should  always  lead  his  squad  and  be  the  first  to 
arrive  at  the  firing  position. 

94.  Having  selected  the  position  in  which  the  gun  is  t©  be  set  up, 
the  squad  leader  commands:  ACTION  FRONT. 

95.  If  while  mules  are  loaded,  the  command  ACTION  FRONT 
be  given,  the  gun,  in  the  absence  of  instructions,  is  placed  in  the 
firing  formation  5  yards  to  the  front  and  slightly  to  the  right  of  the 
gun  animal. 

96.  Action  Right  (left  or  rear)  are  similarly  executed. 

CAVAI.RY  IJIVITS. 

THE  SQUAD. 

97.  The  composition  of  the  squad  is  as  follows: 
Squad  leader. 

The  gun  squad — the  gunner,  Nos.  1  (loader),  2  (tripod  carrier) 
and  3. 

The  drivers — Nos.  4,  5,  6  and  7. 

The  ammunition  squad — Nos.  8,  9  and  10. 

The  habitual  formation  is  in  column. 

The  squad  leader  is  the  leader  of  his  squad;  he  is  followed  at  one 
horse  length  by  No.  4.  The  gunner,  Nos.  1,  2  and  3  ride  in  the  order 
named  from  front  to  rear.  Nos.  4,  5,  6  and  7  ride  on  their  right, 
respectively.  Nos.  8,  9  and  10  ride  in  rear  in  the  order  named  from 
left  to  right,  No.  8  in  rear  of  No.  3.     If  there  be  additional  men  they 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  23 

ride  in  rear,  in  numerical  order  from  left  to  right.  Pack  animals  are 
led  on  the  right.  The  habitual  formation  is  referred  to  as  ^  *  column . ' ' 
(See  PL  I.) 

98.  Should  additional  pack  animals  be  assigned  to  the  squad, 
members  of  the  ammunition  squad  become  drivers  in  numerical 
order. 

99.  Pack  animals  should  occasionally  be  led  on  the  other  side. 

TO   FORM   THE    SQUAD. 

100.  Saddle  . — All  horses  are  saddled  by  their  drivers  and  linked  to- 
gether, or  turned  over  to  a  designated  number  of  the  squad.. 

101.  Line  Up. — The  gun  crew  and  supernumeraries  place  aparejos 
and  packs  in  rear  of  where  the  pack  animals  are  to  be  harnessed. 
Loads  are  placed  in  rear  of  aparejos,  ammunition  boxes  in  the  hangers. 
Each  driver  secures  his  pack  animal  and  leads  him  to  a  point  1  yard  in 
front  of  his  own  aparejo,  facing  away  from  same. 

103.  Harness,  or  By  Detail,  Harness.— The  members  of  the 
gun  squad  acting  as  off  packers  work  with  the  drivers  with  whom 
they  ride  as  near  packers. 

103.  PACK.^Loads  are  placed  on  the  animals  by  the  numbers 
harnessing,  with  such  assist<ance  from  the  ammunition  squad  as  may 
be  directed  by  the  chief  of  squad. 

104.  Form  Squad. — All  but  the  drivers  go  to  .the  horses  and  form 
''Column";  the  gunner,  Nos.  1,  2  and  3  leading  the  horses  of  Nos. 
4,  5,  6  and  7,  respectively.  Drivers  lead  pack  animals  to  their 
proper  places;  each  takes  his  own  horse  and  all  stand  to  horse. 

TO  mount  the  squad. 

105.  1.  Prepare  to  mount,  2.  MOUNT.  The  gun  squad  and  No.  8 
open  out  to  the  left,  No.  10  to  the  right,  and  all  mount. 

106.  If  the  formation  is  to  be  in  line,  the  command  is:  FORM 
SQUAD  IN  LINE.  The  gunner.  No.  1,  No.  2  and  No.  3  (each  with 
his  two  horses),  Nos.  10,  9  and  8  form  in  the  order  named  from  right 
to  left,  intervals  of  1  yard  being  left  for  the  pack  animals,  which  the 
drivers  lead  into  place.  The  squad  is  then  mounted;  the  gunner, 
Nos.  1,  2,  3  and  9  moving  forward. 

107.- To  form  column  from  line  or  line  from  column:  1.  Fours  right 
(left),  2.  MARCH. 
This  movement  is  exceptional  and  used  for  short  distances  only. 


24  MACHINE-GUN  DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

TO    MARCH   TO   THE    REAR. 

108.  1.  To  the  rear,  2.  MARCH. 

The  squad  executes  a  left  about,  the  head  of  the  squad  inclining 
to  the  right,  if  necessary,  before  beginning  the  about. 

The  squad  may  be  moved  to  the  rear  by  the  command:  1.  Fours 
left  about,  2.  MARCH. 

These  movements  are  habitually  executed  to  the  left  only. 

COLUMNS    OF   HALF    SQUADS. 

109.  1.  Column  of  twos,  2.  MARCH.  No.  4  with  his  led  animal 
follows  the  squad  leader;  the  gunner  and  No.  1  form  behind  No.  5  and 
the  gun  animal,  respectively;  the  remainder  of  the  squad  form  in 
column  of  twos  in  the  following  order:  No.  5,  No.  6,  No.  7  (each 
with  his  mule);  Nos.  2  and  3,  Nos.  8  and  9;  No.  10,  Nos.  2  and  8 
being  on  the  left. 

110.  Column  of  Files  may  be  formed  from  column  or  column  of 
twos,  the  order  in  the  column  then  being:  Squad  leader,  No.  4,  gun 
animal,  gunner,  No.  1,  No.  5,  second  pack  animal,  No.  6,  third  pack 
animal,  No.  7,  fourth  pack  animal,  No.  2,  No.  3,  No.  8,  No.  9,  No.  10. 
Sufficient  space  must  be  left  in  the  column  for  each  pack  animal  to 
follow  his  driver.     (PI.  II). 

111.  Column  is  formed  from  column  of  twos  or  files  by  the  command : 
1.  Column,  2.  MARCH;  and  column  of  twos  from  column  of  files  by 
the  command:  1.  Column  of  twos,  2.  March. 

113.  In  the  platoon  or  troop,  from  any  column  formation,  column 
of  squads,  twos  and  files  are  formed  successively  by  rear  elements, 
so  as  to  preserve  distances. 

TO  dismiss  the  squad. 

113.  The  squad  is  dismounted  from  column  or  line  by  commands 
and  means  similar  to  those  prescribed  in  paragraphs  105  and  106. 

The  commands  UNPACK  and  UNHARNESS  are  then  given. 

The  packs  and  equipment  are  placed  in  their  proper  places  and 
the  animals  are  inspected  hy  the  squad  leader  for  injuries,  after  which 
they  are  led  to  the  picket  line  by  the  drivers,  or  by  such  of  them  as 
may  be  designated. 


MACHINE-GUN  DRILL  REGULATIONS.  26 

TO   PREPARE   FOR   ACTION. 

114.  Being  in  column — ^To  Fight  on  Foot — 

All  halt;  the  gun  squad  dismount,  throwing  reins  over  horses' 
heads  to  drivers.  The  ammunition  squad  follow  such  instructions 
as  may  be  given — to  remain  with  the  led  animals,  act  as  patrols  or 
scouts,  or  to  dismount  and  assist  in  unpacking  and  carrying  forward 
ammunition.  Ordinarily  Nos.  8  and  10  will  dismount,  throwing 
reins  over  horses'  heads  to  No.  9.  The  squad  leader  dismounts  and 
links  his  horse  to  that  of  No.  1. 

The  rifle,  tripod  and  ammunition  are  unpacked  and  the  squad  is 
assembled.    The  led  animals  are  left  under  cover  in  charge  of  No.  4. 

115.  If  while  the  squad  is  mounted  the  command  ACTION 
FRONT  be  given,  the  squad  dismounts  and  unpacks  as  in  para- 
graphs 114  and  92. 

As  soon  as  the  packs  are  removed,  the  animals  execute  to  the  rear, 
and  when  straightened  out  move  at  the  trot  20  jrards  to  the  rear, 
again  execute  to  the  rear  and  halt  15  yards  directly  in  rear  of  the  gun. 
They  may  be  taken  to  suitable  cover  after  straightening  out  in  the 
rear. 

116.  Action  right  (left  or  rear)  is  similarly  executed,  except  that 
the  led  animals  execute  column  left  (right  or  move  straight  forward) 
instead  of  executing  the  first  to  the  rear. 

If  so  directed,  the  animals  may  be  left  in  position  after  the  gun  is 
unpacked. 

TO    PACK. 

117.  Pack. — The  gun  is  prepared  as  in  paragraph  31. 

118.  The  led  animals  are  brought  to  the  firing  position  at  the  trot 
at  the  command  PACK. 

119.  When  the  animals  arrive  at  the  firing  position,  they  are 
packed.    All  then  mount. 

If  the  led  animals  are  not  to  be  brought  to  the  firing  position,  the 
squad  is  first  moved  to  their  position,  or  to  a  position  to  which  they 
can  be  brought,  and  the  squad  then  packs. 

THE  TROOP. 

130.  The  troop  consists  normally  of  two  platoons  of  two  squads 
each,  the  platoon  and  squad  leaders  being  permanently  assigned. 

121.  The  captain  is  15  }rards  in  advance  of  the  leader  of  the  direct- 
ing platoon,  which  in  line  is  normally  the  first  platoon.    Each 

90232°— 17 4 


26  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

platoon  leader  is  one  horse  length  in  front  of  the  leader  of  his  direct- 
ing squad,  which  in  line  is  habitually  his  left  squad.  The  file  closer 
is  two  horse  lengths  in  rear  of  the  center  of  the  troop,  in  line  or  column. 
The  captain's  orderlies,  boot  to  boot,  ride  one  horse  length  in  rear  of 
the  captain.  Scouts  and  other  additional  men  may  be  assigned  to 
squads  or  ride  where  directed  by  the  captain. 

133.  In  line  the  squads  are  side  by  side,  each  squad  being  in 
column  at  5  yards  (normal  interval). 

133,  In  any  column  the  distance  between  platoons  or  squads  is  5 
yards. 

134,  In  firing  formation  the  captain  is  12  yards  in  rear  of  the  center 
of  the  line  occupied  by  the  guns. 

Platoon  leaders  are  2  yards  in  rear  of  the  guns,  opposite  the  center 
of  their  platoons. 
Squad  leaders  are  at  the  guns. 

135,  During  actual  firing  and  when  executing  to  fight  on  foot,  the 
captain  and  platoon  leaders  are  dismounted.  The  horses  of  the 
captain  and  one  orderly  are  held  by  the  other  orderly,  those  of  the 
platoon  leaders  are  linked  to  some  animal  in  the  platoon  or  are  held 
by  some  available  mounted  men.  These  horses  are  led  to  the  troop 
animals.     One  orderly  accompanies  the  captain  dismounted. 

126.  During  actual  firing,  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers 
take  such  positions  as  will  best  enable  them  to  maintain  efficiency 
of  fire. 

TO   FORM   THE   TROOP. 

137.  The  platoons  are  first  formed  by  their  leaders  and  at  the 
command  FORM  TROOP  are  conducted  mounted  to  their  positions. 

138.  In  maneuvering  the  troop,  the  squads  of  a  platoon  are  never 
separated. 

TO    OBLIQUE. 

139.  1.  Right  oblique,  2.  MARCH. 

Each  squad  executes  a  half  change  of  direction.  The  oblique  by 
trooper  may  be  used  for  short  distances  by  the  command,  1.  Troop- 
ers, 2.  Right  oblique,  3.  MARCH. 

TO    MARCH   TO   THE    REAR. 

130.  Being  in  any  formation:  1.   To  th^  rear,  2.  MARCH. 
Each  squad  executes  a  left  about.     If  in  line  at  closed  intervals, 
squads  open  from  the  directing  squad  at  the  preparatory  command 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  27 

and  close  upon  the  completion  of  the  movement.     The  intervals 
may  be  extended  before  giving  the  command. 

COLUMN    OF   PLATOONS. 

131.  Being  in  line:  1.  Column  of  platoons,  2.  MARCH. 

The  right  platoon  moves  forward  followed  by  the  second  platoon. 
To  form  the  column  on  the  second  platoon,  "On  second  platoon" 
is  added  to  the  first  command. 

132.  Thecolumnisformed  to  a  flank  by  the  command:  1.  Column 
of  platoons  to  the  right,  2.  MARCH. 

Column  of  squads . 

133.  Column  of  squads  from  line  or  from  column  of  platoons  is 
formed  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  of  forming  column  of  platoons 
by  the  commands:  1.  Column  of  squads,  or  1.  Column  of  squads  on 
second  platoon,  or  1.  Column  of  squads  to  the  right,  2.  MARCH. 
The  right  squad  of  each  platoon  always  leads  its  platoon. 

TO    FORM   LINE. 

134.  1.  Line,  2.  MARCH. 

If  from  column  of  platoons,  the  second  platoon  forms  on  the  left 
of  the  first.  If  from  column  of  squads,  each  squad  forms  on  the  left 
of  the  preceding  squad,  the  first  squad  inclining  to  the  right,  so  as  to 
allow  the  second  squad  to  move  to  the  front. 

135.  Line  to  a  flank  from  any  column  is  formed  by  the  command: 
1.  Line  to  the  right,  2.  MARCH. 

If  from  column  of  platoons,  each  platoon  executes  Column  Right, 
the  second  platoon  then  closing  on  the  leading  platoon.  If  from 
column  of  squads,  the  squads  execute  Column  Right  and  close  on 
what  was  the  second  squad. 

136.  The  normal  interval  (5  yards)  may  be  reduced  to  zero  (closed 
interval)  or  extended  to  10  yards  (double  interval)  by  the  com- 
mands CLOSE  or  EXTEND.  Similarly  the  extended  double 
interval  of  20  yards  may  be  taken  from  the  double  interval. 

137.  Ground,  scouts  reconnoitering  scouts  and  security  patrols 
when  sent  out  are  ordinarily  taken  from  the  ammunition  squads  or 
supernumeraries;  scouts  to  locate  firing  positions  are  ordinarily 


28  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

taken  from  the  squad  leaders  or  gun  squads,  unless  special  men  are 
trained  for  the  purpose. 

138.  When  with  the  regiment,  the  machine  gun  unit  must  be  so 
maneuvered  that  it  will  in  no  way  interfere  with  the  movements  of 
the  regiment  and  yet  will  be  constantly  in  hand  in  such  position  as 
will  enable  the  efficient  accomplishment  of  the  wishes  of  the  regi- 
mental commander. 

POSITION  OF  THE  MACHINE  GIJN  UNIT. 

139.  When  the  machine  gun  unit  is  with  the  regiment,  its  position 
in  line,  line  of  columns  or  line  in  extended  order  is  in  rear  of  the 
center,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  paragraph  138.  ^ 

For  ceremonies  it  forms  on  the  left  at  squadron  interval. 
In  column  it  is  in  rear,  at  squadron  distance. 

CEREMONIES. 

140.  When  the  machine  gun  troop  is  formed  for  review,  each  squad 
leader  places  himself  on  the  left  of  his  gunner  and  each  platoon 
leader  drops  back  to  horse  length  distance  in  front  of  the  No.  4  of  his 
left  squad,  so  as  to  be  on  the  line  of  the  platoon  leaders  of  other 
squadrons.  In  moving  out  to  pass  in  review  normal  positions  are 
taken.  In  the  march  past  in  review  the  machine  gun  unit  is  in  line, 
with  intervals  such  that  its  front  will  not  exceed  that  of  the  subdivi- 
sion immediately  preceding  it. 

MARCHING  AND  CAMPING. 

141.  On  the  march  at  all  halts  packs  should  be  inspected  and 
during  long  halts  animals  should  be  unpacked,  and  when  necessary, 
aparejos  adjusted. 

142*  In  making  camp  the  platoon  is  always  in  line. 

143.  To  encamp,  the  squads  in  line  (par.  107)  are  dismounted,  and 
when  Form  rank  is  executed,  drivers  lead  their  horses  into  line, 
allowing  the  pack  animals  to  remain  at  the  full  length  of  the  lead 
strap  in  rear  of  the  rank.  Horses  are  linked  together  and  the  animals 
are  unpacked  and  unharnessed,  packs  and  aparejos,  being  placed  2 
yards  in  rear  of  the  mules,  which  are  then  turned  over  to  a  designated 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  29 

member  of  the  squad.  The  squad  leader,  with  an  odd  man,  pitches 
his  tent  on  the  gun  flank  of  his  squad  unless  it  be  necessary  for  the 
squad  leaders  to  pitch  together,  in  which  case  their  tent  is  placed  in 
the  center  of  the  platoon. 

144.  Exceptionally  the  squads  may  be  in  column. 

145.  The  troop  encamps  in  a  similar  manner,  in  line  when  possible. 
The  formation  taken  by  the  troop  preparatory  to  making  camp  will 
depend  upon  the  character  and  extent  of  the  ground  assigned  and  the 
formation  of  the  accompanying  troops.  The  file  closer  and  guidon 
pitch  on  the  right,  leaving  an  interval  on  their  left  for  the  tent  of  the 
orderlies. 

II^FANTRY   UINITS. 

THE  SQUAD. 

FORMATION   OF   SQUAD. 

146.  The  composition  of  the  squad  is  as  follows: 
Squad  leader. 

The  gun  squad — the  gunner,  Nos.  1  (loader),  2  (tripod  carrier)  and  3. 

The  drivers — Nos.  4,  5  and  6. 

The  ammunition  squad — Nos.  7  and  8. 

The  habitual  formation  is  in  column. 

The  squad  leader  is  the  leader  of  his  squad ;  he  is  3  paces  in  front  of 
its  center.  Nos.  1,  2  and  3  and  the  gunner  in  line  from  right  to  left 
follow  the  squad  leader  at  3  paces  distance.  Nos.  7  and  8  are  each 
40  inches,  respectively,  in  rear  of  the  gunner  and  No.  1.  No.  4  fol- 
lows No.  7  at  one  horse  length  distance.  No.  5  follows  No.  4  and 
No.  6  follows  No.  5  one  horse  length  in  rear  of  the  gun  mule  in  front. 

The  mules  carrying  the  equipment  of  the  gun  squad  are  formed 
in  column,  one  horse  length  in  rear  of  the  squad,  the  distance  between 
mules  being  about  1  pace.  Each  mule  is  led  by  one  of  the  drivers. 
In  case  there  are  more  mules  than  drivers,  the  necessary  men  are 
detailed  to  lead  them.     (See  PI.  III.) 

Whatever  the  number  of  men  left  in  the  squad,  after  the  details 
of  men  to  lead  the  mules  have  been  made,  they  retain  the  formation 
of,  and  maneuver  as  an  infantry  squad  of  reduced  numbers. 

147.  The  mules  of  the  gun  squad  are  numbered  from  front  to  rear 
1,  2  and  3  and  are  led  by  numbers  4,  5  and  6,  respectively. 


30  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

LEADING   THE   MULE. 

148.  The  mule  when  packed  is  led  and  maneuvered  by  means  of 
the  bridle.  When  leading  the  mule,  the  soldier  takes  position  on 
his  near  side  holding  the  reins  near  the  bit  in  the  right  hand  and  the 
loop  of  the  reins  in  the  left  hand. 

To  gather  the  mule,  the  right  hand  is  raised  slightly  until  it 
touches  his  lower  jaw.  The  mule  must  always  be  gathered  before 
moving,  before  halting,  and  before  changing  gait  or  direction. 

The  mule  must  never  be  faced  or  threatened  by  the  man  leading 
him.  He  must  be  taught  by  quiet  and  gentle  treatment  to  effect  all 
changes  of  gait  and  direction  evenly.  He  should  not  be  turned  short 
but  on  the  arc  of  a  circle  of  1  yard  radius.  He  should  be  led  with  a 
loose  rein  and  urged  on,  if  he  lags,  from  the  rear. 

TO  HARNESS  AND  PACK  BY  SQUAD. 

149.  The  squad  is  marched  by  the  squad  leader  to  the  stables. 
After  designating  the  men  who  are  to  lead  mules,  the  squad  leader 
commands:  1.  HARNESS  AND  PACK. 

At  this  command  the  aparejos  are  brought  from  the  saddle  room 
and  lined  up  at  about  4  paces  interval  in  numerical  order,  the  gun 
pack  on  the  right. 

Each  aparejo,  its  accessories  and  packs  are  arranged  as  prescribed 
in  paragraph  74. 

The  squad  leader  inspects  the  rigging  and  packs  and  sees  that  all 
articles  are  properly  arranged  and  directs  the  men  detailed  to  lead 
mules  to  bring  the  mules  to  the  packs. 

The  mules  are  lined  up  about  4  paces  in  front  of  their  proper 
packs  and  are  saddled  and  packed  by  the  members  of  the  squad, 
working  in  pairs,  as  described  in  paragraphs  84  and  88. 

The  squad  leader  superintends  the  harnessing  and  packing  and, 
after  tasks  are  completed,  inspects  each  animal  to  see  that  its  aparejo 
and  packs  are  properly  adjusted  and  secured. 

TO   FORM   THE    SQUAD. 

150.  The  animals  being  packed,  the  squad  leader  places  himself 
3  paces  in  front  of  the  place  in  which  he  desires  the  squad  to  form 
and  commands:  FALL  IN. 

The  squad  takes  the  formation  prescribed  in  paragraph  146. 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  31 

MOVEMENTS   AND   FORMATIONS. 

151.  The  squad  with  piece  packed  is  marched  to  the  front,  to  the 
flank,  to  the  right  or  left  oblique,  is  halted  and  turns  on  a  moving 

*  pivot  by  the  commands  prescribed  in  the  Schools  of  the  Soldier  and 
Squad,  Infantry  Drill  Regulations. 

The  squad  executes  the  movement  as  therein  prescribed,  the 
mules  being  led  so  as  to  conform  to  the  movement  and  preserve  their 
distances  and  proper  order.     (Pis.  IV  and  V.) 

TO   TURN    ON   A   FIXED    PIVOT. 

152.  1.  Squad  right.  2.  MARCH.  The  squad  executes  the 
movement  as  prescribed  for  the  front  rank  of  an  infantry  squad 
(pax.  119,  I.  D.  R.). 

The  mules  are  led  so  as  to  conform  to  the  movement,  each  following 
the  one  in  lead  at  its  prescribed  distance.     (PI.  VI.) 

TO   TURN   AND   HALT. 

153.  1.  Squad  right  (left).    2.  MARCH.    3.  Squad.    4.  HALT. 
The  squad  executes  the  movement  as  prescribed  in  paragraph  120, 

Infantry  Drill  Regulations. 

The  gun  mule  is  led  by  the  left  flank,  about  the  length  of  the 
mule,  and  then  to  the  ''right  about"  to  its  position  in  rear  of  the 
squad.  The  other  mules  are  led  so  as  to  conform  to  the  movement 
of  the  gun  mule.     (PI.  VII.) 

TO    MARCH   TO   THE    REAR. 

154.  1.   To  tlie  rear,  2.  MARCH. 

Each  mule  is  turned  to  the  right  about  and  moA^ed  straight  to  the 
rear. 

The  squad  executes  To  the  rear,  March,  as  explained  in  paragraph 
72,  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  and  by  shortening  the  step  gradually 
gains  a  distance  of  2  paces  from  the  rear  mule.  If  executed  from  a 
halt,  the  command  1.  About  face,  2.  Forward,  3.  MARCH,  is  given. 

The  squad  faces  about  and  steps  off  in  time  to  follow  at  a  distance 
of  2  paces  from  the  rear  mule. 

155.  This  movement  is  used  only  for  moving  short  distances  to 
the  rear. 


32  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

TO   TURN   ABOUT. 

156.  1.  Squad  right  {or  left)  about,  2.  MARCH. 

The  squad  executes  Squad  right  (left)  about,  followed  by  the  mules. 

157.  For  route  marches,  and  whenever  possible,  the  mules  may  be 
linked. 

TO   LINK   MULES. 

1. — Link. — The  gun  mules  are  always  led.  The  rear  mules  are 
linked  by  means  of  the  reins  as  follows: 

No.  2  mule  is  linked  to  the  rear  hook  on  the  offside  of  the  gun  mule 
frame. 

No.  3  mule  is  linked  to  the  rear  hook  of  frame  on  the  near  side  of 
No.  2  mule,  etc. 

After  linking  the  mules,  their  leaders  ''fall  in"  with  the  squad  or 
may  be  required  to  march  in  rear  of  the  mules  to  better  observe  the 
riding  of  the  packs. 

TO    UNLINK. 

158.  Unlink. — The  mules  are  unlinked  by  their  leaders  and  nor- 
mal distances  are  gradually  regained. 

TO   PREPARE    FOR   ACTION. 

159.  1.  PREPARE  FOR  ACTION. 

At  this  command  -the  squad  halts,  if  not  already  halted,  and  the 
guns  and  accessories  are  removed  as  prescribed  in  paragraph  92. 

The  mules  having  been  linked  as  described  in  paragraph  157  are 
left  under  cover  in  charge  of  the  leader  of  No.  1  mule.  The  squad 
leader,  carrying  the  spare-parts  case,  or  loading  tool,  assembles  the 
squad  and  moves  it  forward  to  the  firing  position  by  the  commands 
and  in  such  formation  as  are  best  suited  to  conditions.  (I.  D.  R., 
par.  212.) 

160.  As  the  members  of  the  squad  become  familiar  with  their 
duties,  the  commands  "Prepare  for  action,"  "Squad  column,"  or 
"As  skirmishers"  (so  many  paces),  "Follow  me,"  may  follow  one 
another  in  rapid  succession. 

161.  Having  selected  the  position  in  which  the  gun  is  to  be  set 
up,  the  squad  leader  commands  ACTION  FRONT  (right,  left). 

The  gun  is  set  up  and  the  squad  takes  the  firing  formation  as 
described  in  paragraph  20. 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 


162.  Being  in  the  firing  formation,  to  pack,  the  squad  leader  com- 
mands: 1.  PACK. 

The  rifle  is  prepared  as  in  paragraph  31. 

163.  If  the  mules  are  close  at  hand,  they  are  brought  to  the  firing 
position  by  the  man  in  charge  at  the  command  PACK,  or  signal  to 
come  forward. 

164.  When  the  mules  arrive  at  the  firing  position,  the  gunner, 
tripod  carrier  and  loader  repack  the  gun  mule. 

The  other  mules  are  repacked  by  the  remaining  members  of  the 
squad  working  in  pairs. 

165.  If  the  mules  are  not  to  be  brought  to  the  firing  position,  the 
squad  is  first  moved  to  the  position  of  the  mules  or  to  a  position  to 
which  the  mules  can  be  brought,  and  the  rifle  and  equipment 
repacked  as  above  described. 

TO   UNPACK   AND   UNHARNESS. 

166.  The  squad  is  marched  to  the  place  of  unpacking  and  unhar- 
nessing and  upon  arrival  thereat  the  squad  leader  commands: 
1.  UNPACK  AND  UNHARNESS. 

The  squad  halts.  The  mules  are  formed  in  line  on  the  gun  mule 
at  4-pace  intervals,  gun  mule  on  the  right. 

The  packs  are  removed  and  placed  in  their  proper  x)lace  of  storage. 

The  mules  are  unsaddled  and  the  rigging  is  put  in  its  place.  The 
squad  leader  inspects  the  animals  for  abrasions  or  other  injuries;  sees 
that  the  corona  and  crupper  are  scraped,  if  necessary,  or  gives  such 
other  instructions  as  may  be  needed  with  reference  to  the  equipment. 

The  squad  is  then  formed  and  marched  to  the  barracks. 

THE   COMPANY. 

167.  The  machine  gun  company  is  divided  into  platoons  of  two 
gun  squads  each. 

168.  The  number  of  squads  organized  depends  upon  the  number  of 
machine  guns  assigned  to  the  company. 

169.  The  captain  is  15  yards  in  advance  of  the  leader  of  the 
directing  platoon,  which  in  line  is  normally  the  first  platoon.    Each 


34  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

platoon  leader  is  one  horse  length  in  front  of  the  leader  of  his  directing 
squad,  which  in  line  is  habitually  his  left  squad. 

The  agents  of  communication  and  range  finder  sergeant,  boot  to 
boot,  ride  one  horse  length  in  rear  of  the  captain.  Scouts,  cooks 
and  other  additional  men  may  be  assigned  to  squads  or  go  where 
directed  by  the  captain. 

In  line  the  squads  are  side  by  side  without  interval,  each  squad 
being  formed  in  column. 

170.  In  firing  formation  the  captain  is  12  yards  in  fear  of  the  center 
of  the  line  occupied  by  the  guns.  Platoon  leaders  are  2  yards  in 
rear  of  the  gims,  opposite  the  center  of  their  platoons. 

Squad  leaders  are  at  the  guns.  During  actual  firing  all  are  dis- 
mounted, and  ofiicers  and  noncommissioned  officers  take  such  posi- 
tions as  will  best  enable  them  to  maintain  efficiency  of  fire. 

171.  The  company,  without  packs,  is  formed  as  prescribed  in 
Infantry  Drill  Regulations. 

172.  In  active  service,  both  on  the  march  and  in  action,  the  neces- 
sary security  for  the  guns  and  animals  is  provided  and  all  service  of 
communication  usually  performed  by  members  of  the  machine  gun 
company. 

173.  In  case  the  number  of  men  available  is  in  excess  of  the  number 
needed  for  the  gun  squads,  these  men  are  assigned  to  the  squads  as 
extra  men. 

174.  In  case  the  company  becomes  reduced  in  numbers,  squads 
are  equalized  by  transfers  from  squad  to  squad. 

175.  No  squad  will  contain  less  than  four  men. 

176.  When  the  company  is  so  reduced  in  numbers  as  to  make  it 
impossible  to  assign  at  least  four  men  to  a  squad,  one  or  more  squads 
are  broken  up  and  the  men  are  assigned  to  the  remaining  squads. 

177.  The  platoon  and  squad  leaders  are  permanently  assigned  by 
the  captain. 

178.  At  the  formation  of  the  company  the  gun  platoons  and  their 
squads  are  numbered  consecutively  from  right  to  left,  and  these 
designations  do  not  change. 

179.  In  case  the  number  of  macliine  guns  assigned  to  a  company 
or  detachment  is  not  more  than  two,  the  company  or  detachment  is 
organized,  as  above  prescribed,  into  one  gun  platoon  of  two  gun 
squads  and  is  led  and  maneuvered  as  prescribed  herein  for  a  com- 
pany. 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  36 

180.  The  lieutenants  and  noncommissioned  officers,  in  order  of 
rank,  are  assigned  as  platoon  leaders  as  follows: 

1.  Gun  platoon,  No.  1. 

2.  Gun  platoon,  No.  2. 

3.  Gun  platoon,  No.  3. 

181.  Noncommissioned  officers  next  in  rank  are  assigned  as  squad 
leaders.  If  sergeants  still  remain  unassigned,  they  are  assigned  to 
the  gun  platoons. 

During  battle  these  assignments  are  not  changed  except  that, 
when  a  platoon  leader  is  disabled,  his  duties  will  be  assumed  by  the 
senior  noncommissioned  officer  remaining  on  duty  with  said  platoon 
who  will  continue  to  exercise  these  functions  until  the  captain  makes 
a  permanent  assignment  of  a  leader.  Other  casualties  are  replaced 
under  the  supervision  of  the  platoon  leader. 

183.  The  first  sergeant,  when  not  commanding  a  platoon,  is  posted 
on  the  right  of  the  range  finder  sergeant.  In  action,  if  not  command- 
ing a  platoon,  he  accompanies  the  captain. 

The  quartermaster  sergeant,  when  present,  is  assigned  according 
to  his  rank  as  sergeant. 

The  artificer,  cooks  and  extra  men  are  assigned  to  squads. 

Orderlies  accompany  the  captain  or  are  posted  at  his  discretion. 

183.  The  company,  without  its  special  equipment,  is  maneuvered 
and  drilled  as  an  infantry  company. 

The  company  must  be  drilled  and  exercised  in  the  movements 
prescribed  in  Infantry  Drill  Regulations  up  to  and  including  the 
School  of  the  Company. 

184.  The  platoons  are  first  formed  by  their  leaders  and  at  the  com- 
mand FORM  COMPANY  are  conducted  to  their  positions. 

In  maneuvering  a  company  the  squads  of  a  platoon  are  never 
separated. 

The  posts  of  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers  are  shown  in 
Plate  VIII. 

In  case  the  squads  are  depleted  in  strength  or  the  number  of  mules 
assigned  to  each  squad  is  such  that  the  detail  of  men  to  lead  them 
reduces  the  front  of  the  squad  to  less  than  four  files,  each  squad  occu- 

Eies  the  same  front  and  maneuvers  in  the  same  manner  as  though  it 
ad  a  front  of  four  files. 


36  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

TO    DISMISS   THE    COMPANY. 

185.  The  captain  directs  the  platoon  leaders:  DISMISS  YOUR 
PLATOONS. 

The  gun  platoons  are  conducted  to  the  stables  by  the  platoon 
leaders.    The  mules  are  unpacked  and  unharnessed  by  squad. 

MOVEMENTS  AND   FORMATIONS. 

186.  The  alignments  are  executed  as  prescribed  in  Infantry  Drill 
Kegulations.  The  men  leading  the  mules  dress  toward  the  desig- 
nated flank,  keep  the  mules  straight  and  correct  their  intervals  and 
distances. 

187.  The  company  harnesses,  unharnesses,  packs,  unpacks,  ad- 
vances, marches  by  the  flank,  to  the  rear  and  obliques  by  the  same 
commands  and  means  prescribed  for  the  squad,  prefixing  the  word 
''company"  to  the  command  where  necessary. 

188.  In  the  execution  of  all  movements  platoon  or  squad  leaders 
repeat  the  commands  of  the  captain  or  give  the  necessary  commands 
applicable  to  their  respective  platoons  or  squads. 

189.  Marching  in  column,  or  obliquely,  the  guide  of  the  leading 
element  is,  without  indication,  the  guide  of  the  movement. 

The  guide  is  responsible  that  the  direction  and  rate  of  march  is 
maintained. 

Unless  otherwise  announced,  the  guide  of  the  company  or  platoon 
in  line  is  right. 

190.  The  rests  are  executed,  and  attention  resumed,  according  to 
the  principles  laid  down  in  the  School  of  the  Soldier,  Infantry  Drill 
Regulations.  The  men  leading  mules  remain  on  the  left  of  and  close 
to  their  mules  so  as  to  keep  them  in  place. 

MOVEMENTS    ON   THE   FIXED   PIVOT. 

191.  The  company  being  in  line,  to  turn  the  company:  1.  Com- 
pany  right  (left),  2.  MARCH,  3.  Company,  4.  HALT,  or  3.  Forward^ 
4.  MARCH,  executed  as  prescribed  in  paragraph  176,  Infantry  Drill 
Regulations.    The  mules  are  led  so  as  to  conform  to  the  movement. 

19;?.  Being  in  line,  to  form  column  of  squads:  1.  Squads  right  (left), 
2.  MARCH,  executed  as  prescribed  in  paragraph  178,  Infantry  Drill 
Regulations.  The  squads  execute  Squads  Right  at  the  command 
and  follow  successively  in  their  proper  places  in  column. 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  37 

MOVEMENTS    ON   THE    MOVING   PIVOT. 

193.  Being  in  line,  to  change  directions:  1,  Right  {left)  turn, 
2.  MARCH,  3.  Forward,  4.  MARCH,  executed  as  prescribed  in 
paragraph  179,  Infantry  Drill  Regulations.  The  mules  are  led  so  as 
to  conform  to  the  movement. 

194.  Being  in  line,  to  form  column  of  platoons:  1.  Platoons  right 
turn,  2.  MARCH,  executed  by  each  platoon  as  prescribed  above 
for  the  company.  The  gun  platoons  execute  the  movement  at  the 
command  of  their  leaders  and  follow  successively  in  column  at  a  dis- 
tance of  2  paces  from  the  rear  mules  of  the  preceding  platoon. 

195.  Being  in  column  of  platoons  or  squads,  to  change  direction: 
1.  Column  right  {left),  2.  MARCH,  executed  as  prescribed  in  para- 
graphs 180  and  181,  Infantry  Drill  Regulations. 

196.  Being  in  line,  to  form  column  of  squads  and  change  direction: 
1.  Squads  right  {left),  Column  right  {left),  2.  MARCH,  or,  1.  Right 
{left)  by  squads,  2.  MARCH,  executed  as  prescribed  in  paragraph 
183,  Infantry  Drill  Regulations.  The  mules  are  led  so  as  to  conform 
to  the  movement. 

197.  Being  in  column  of  platoons,  to  form  column  of  squads:  1. 
Right  {left)  by  squad,  2.  MARCH. 

The  leading  platoon  executes  the  movement  as  above  described 
for  the  company.  The  rear  platoons  execute  the  movement  succes- 
sively at  the  command  of  their  leaders  in  time  to  follow  in  their  proper 
places  in  column. 

ON    RIGHT  (left)  INTO    LINE. 

198.  Being  in  column  of  squads  or  platoons,  to  form  line  on  right 
(or  left):  1.  On  right  {left)  into  line,  2.  MARCH,  3.  Company,  4. 
HALT,  5.  FRONT,  executed  as  prescribed  in  paragraph  187  Infan- 
try Drill  Regulations. 

FRONT   INTO    LINE. 

199.  Being  in  column  of  squads  or  platoons,  to  form  line  to  the 
front:  1.  Right  {left)  front  into  line,  2.  MARCH,  3.  Company,  4. 
HALT,  5.  FRONT,  executed  as  prescribed  in  paragraph  188,  In- 
fantry Drill  Regulations. 

!J00.  Being  in  column  of  squads,  to  form  column  of  platoons:  1. 
Platoons  right  {left)  front  into  line,  2.  MARCH,  3.  Company,  4. 
HALT,  5.  FRONT,  executed  as  prescribed  in  paragraph  189,  liifan- 


38  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

try  Drill  Regulations,  except  that  the  rear  gun  platoons  continue 
the  march  and  are  halted  at  the  command  of  their  platoon  leaders 
when  they  have  closed  to  their  proper  distance  from  the  preceding 
platoon. 

RIGHT    (left)   into    LINE. 

301.  Being  in  column  of  platoons  or  squads,  to  form  line  to  the 
right  or  left:  1.  TAne  to  the  right  (left),  2.  MARCH,  3.  Company,  4. 
HALT,  5.  FRONT. 

If  in  column  of  platoons,  the  commander  of  the  leading  platoon 
commands:  RIGHT  TURN.  Ths  other  platoon  leaders  command: 
FORWARD,  if  at  a  halt.  At  the  second  command  the  leading  pla- 
toon turns  to  the  right  on  a  moving  pivot.  The  command  HAIiT  is 
given  when  it  has  advanced  the  desired  distance  in  the  new  direc- 
tion; it  halts;  its  commander  then  commands:  LEFT  DRESS.  The 
leaders  of  the  rear  platoons  command:  1 .  Right  turn,  in  time  to  add, 
2.  MARCH,  when  at  a  distance  equal  to  the  front  of  the  platoon  from 
the  right  flank  of  the  preceding  platoon.  Each  platoon  is  halted  on 
the  line  by  its  leader,  who  then  commands  Left  dress.  All  dress  on 
the  platoon  first  in  line. 

FACING   OR   MARCHING   TO   THE    REAR, 

303.  The  compan}^  in  any  formation  may  be  faced  and  marched  to 
the  rear  for  a  short  distance  bv  the  commands:  1.  Squads  right  (left) 
about,  2.  MARCH,  or,  1.  About,  2.  FACE,  3.  Forward,  4.  MARCH. 

The  squads  execute  the  movement  as  prescribed  in  paragraphs  154 
and  155. 

Before  any  further  movement  is  executed  the  company  must  be 
again  faced  to  its  original  front. 

MOVEMENTS    WITH   INFANTRY. 

203.  The  foregoing  movements  and  formations  are  used  when 
maneuvering  with  infantry  and  whenever  compact  formations  are 
desired . 

In  the  various  formations  of  the  regiment  the  company  is  posted 
as  shown  in  Plate  IV,  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  or  as  directed  by 
the  colonel.  (See  par.  329,  I.  D.  R.)  When  marcliing  in  review, 
the  habitual  formation  of  the  company  is  a  column  of  platoons. 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  39 

EXTENDED   INTERVALS. 

304.  Being  in  column  of  squads,  to  form  line  with  extended  inter- 
vals to  the  right  or  left:  1.  Squads  right  {left),  2.  MARCH,  executed 
simultaneously  by  each  squad. 

205.  Being  in  column  of  squads,  to  form  line  of  platoons  with 
extended  intervals:  1.  Platoons  column  right  (left) ,  2 .  MARCH,  exe- 
cuted simultaneously  by  each  platoon. 

206.  Line  with  extended  intervals  or  line  of  platoons  with  ex- 
tended intervals  may  be  formed  to  the  front  or  on  right  or  left  from 
column  of  squads  or  column  of  platoons  by  similar  commands  and 
according  to  the  principles  for  forming  line  to  the  front  or  on  right  or 
left  as  follows:  1.  Right  (left)  front  into  line  with  extended  intervals,  or, 
1.  Right  into  line  tuith  extended  intervals,  2.  MARCH. 

207.  Being  in  line  with  extended  intervals,  to  march  in  column 
of  squads  to  the  right  or  left:  1.  Squads  right  (left),  2.  MARCH,  or, 
if  iu  line  of  platoons  with  extended  intervals,  1.  Platoons  column 
right  (left),  2.  MARCH. 

ROUTE    STEP   AND   AT   EASE. 

208.  The  company  is  marched  at  route  step  and  at  ease  and  re- 
sumes attention  by  the  commands  and  in  the  manner  prescribed  in 
paragraphs  190  to  193,  Infantry  Drill  Regulations, 

ROUTE    COLUMN. 

209.  The  habitual  column  of  route  is  with  the  mules  in  double  col- 
umn and  the  men  of  each  platoon  in  column  of  squads. 

Being  in  column  of  platoons,  to  form  route  column:  1.  Route  col- 
umn, 2,  MARCH, 

The  mules  are  retained  in  double  column  by  their  leaders.  The 
men  of  each  gun  platoon  execute  right  by  squad  in  time  to  follow  in 
their  proper  place  in  the  column. 

210.  Being  in  route  column,  to  form  column  of  platoons:  1.  Column 
of  platoons,' 2.  MARCH.  The  men  of  each  platoon  execute  left 
front  into  line  in  double  time. 

211.  Being  in  route  column,  to  form  column  of  squads:  1.  Column 
of  squads,  2.  MARCH.     The  men  of  the  gun  platoons  execute  left 


40  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

front  into  line  in  double  time.  The  gun  platoons  then  execute  suc- 
cessively, at  the  commands  of  their  leaders,  Right  by  Squad  as  pre- 
scribed in  paragraph  199. 

;212.  When  economy  of  road  space  is  not  material,  the  column  of 
squads  may  be  employed  in  route  marches. 

TO    PREPARE    FOR   ACTION. 

!J13.  In  leading  the  company  to  the  place  selected  for  unpacking 
the  mules,  such  formation  is  adopted  as  will  admit  of  the  most  ad- 
vantageous use  of  natural  cover. 

At  a  point  where  the  mules  are  unpacked  the  captain  determines 
the  necessity  for,  and  strength  of  the  detail  to  remain  with  the  mules 
and  where  they  are  to  be  located;  the  number  and  strength  of  the 
patrols  to  be  sent  to  the  front  and  flanks,  if  any,  the  amount  of  amu- 
nition  and  number  of  heavy  intrenching  tools  to  be  taken  forward; 
and  the  manner  in  which  the  ammunition  supply  is  to  be  renewed; 
and  gives  his  instructions  accordingly,  assigning  additional  men  to 
special  tasks  or  as  additional  members  to  other  squads.  He  then 
commands,  PREPARE  FOR  ACTION. 

At  this  command  each  squad  prepares  for  action  and  assembles  as 
prescribed  in  paragraph  159.  The  company  is  then  moved  forward 
in  a  formation  suitable  to  conditions.     (I.  D.  R.,  par.  212.) 

TO    MAKE    CAMP. 

314.  upon  arriving  at  the  camp  site,  the  picket  line,  picket  pins 
and  sledges  are  unpacked  and  the  picket  line  put  down  in  the  posi- 
tion designated  by  the  captain.  He  designates  the  place  for  the  line 
of  riggings  and  loads  and  commands:  UNPACK  AND  UNHAR- 
NESS. 

As  the  mules  are  unharnessed  they  are  led  to  and  tied  on  the  picket 
line.  Each  squad  leader  supervises  the  unpacking  and  unharnessing 
of  his  squad  and  upon  its  completion  assembles  his  squad. 

The  company  is  then  assembled  and  tents  are  pitched  by  the 
commands  and  in  the  manner  prescribed  in  Infantry  Drill  Regula- 
tions (par.  792  et  seq.). 

Details  are  then  made  to  complete  the  camp. 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  41 

TO    BREAK   CAMP. 

;^15.  The  animals  are  watered,  fed,  groomed,  harnessed,  and  the 
individual  packs  of  the  men  made  up  and  deposited  at  such  place 
as  may  be  designated  for  the  formation  of  the  company. 

216.  The  ordinary  duties  incident  to  the  breaking  of  camp,  such 
as  loading  the  wagon,  policing,  etc.,  are  performed  by  men  not 
needed  to  care  for  the  animals. 

217.  The  animals  are  packed  at  the  last  minute  which  will  insure 
the  company  being  in  its  proper  place  at  the  hour  appointed  for 
marching. 

218.  The  regulations  regarding  camp  sanitation,  prescribed  in 
Infantry  Drill  Regulations  (pars.  661  to  677)  and  other  manuals  treat- 
ing of  this  subject,  are  to  be  strictly  observed  in  the  camp  of  the 
machine-gun  company. 

CEREMONIES. 

COMPANY  INSPECTION. 

219.  Being  in  line  at  a  halt,  all  officers  and  men  dismounted: 
1.  Open  ranks,  2.  MARCH. 

At  the  command  MARCH  the  front  rank  executes  Right  Dress; 
the  rear  rank  of  each  squad  marches  backward  four  steps,  halts,  and 
executes  Right  Dress.  The  mules  are  reined  back  until  the  gun 
mules  are  four  steps  in  rear  of  the  line  of  the  rear  rank,  the  other 
mules  having  the  same  distance  from  the  preceding  mule  of  its  squad. 
AH  leaders  of  mules  dress,  to  the  right. 

The  captain  aligns  the  front  rank,  rear  rank  and  mules,  takes  post 
3  paces  in  front  of  the  right  guide,  facing  to  the  left,  and  commands: 
1.  FRONT,  2.  PREPARE  FOR  INSPECTION. 

Each  gun,  tripod,  spare  parts  and  loading  case  is  removed  from 
the  packs.  Each  gun  is  mounted  on  its  tripod,  pointing  straight  to 
the  front,  two  paces  immediately  in  front  of  the  center  of  the  squad 
to  which  it  belongs.  The  cases  and  pouches  pertaining  to  each  gun 
are  placed  on  the  ground  to  the  left  of  it  and  opened  so  that  all  con- 
tents are  visible.  The  leaders  of  the  gun  platoons  supervise  the 
arrangement  of  the  equipment  in  their  platoons.  All  resume  the 
attention.    The  platoon  leaders  carry  saber. 

The  captain  returns  saber  and  inspects  the  platoon  leaders,  after 
which  they  face  about,  order  saber,  and  stand  at  ease.    Upon  the 


42  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

completion  of  the  inspection  they  carry  saber,  face  about,  and  order 
saber.  The  captain  may  direct  the  platoon  leaders  to  accompany  or 
assist  him,  in  which  case  they  return  saber  and,  at  the  close  of  the 
inspection,  resume  their  posts  in  front  of  the  company,  draw  and 
carry  sabers. 

The  inspection  of  the  company  proceeds  as  prescribed  in  para- 
graph 745,  Infantry  Drill  Regulations. 

When  inspecting  the  gun  platoons,  the  gun  is  inspected  first  in  its 
position. 

As  soon  as  the  piece  and  spare  parts  of  each  squad  are  inspected, 
they  are  repacked. 

Men  armed  with  pistol  execute  inspection  arms  as  the  inspector 
approaches. 

330.  If  the  inspection  is  to  include  an  examination  of  the  equip- 
ment, the  captain  causes  the  mules  to  stand  fast,  closes  ranks  and 
takes  intervals  (par.  109,  I.  D.  R,.), 

The  mules  are  led  to  the  flank  so  as  to  maintain  their  proper  relative 
positions  with  their  squads. 

The  captain  then  commands:  1.  UNSLING  EQUIPMENT, 
2.  OPEN  PACKS,  executed  by  the  men  as  prescribed  in  paragraph 
747,  Infantry  Drill  Regulations. 

Squad  leaders  of  the  squads  designate  men  to  relieve  those  holding 
the  mules  a  sufficient  length  of  time  to  allow  the  latter  to  unsling 
and  arrange  their  equipment  in  the  places  that  would  be  occupied 
by  them  if  in  ranks. 

After  the  men  have  arranged  their  packs  as  prescribed,  the  mules 
are  unpacked  and  their  packs  arranged  as  follows: 

The  hangers  are  removed  and  arranged  in  line  to  the  right  and  left 
of  each  mule  and  opposite  its  head.  The  top  loads  are  removed  and 
arranged  in  an  orderly  manner  to  the  right  of  the  hangers.  Ammu- 
nition boxes  are  removed  from  the  hangers  and  opened,  unless  other- 
wise directed.  If  desired  the  mules  may  be  unsaddled,  the  aparejo 
being  placed  in  r^ar  of  the  mules  to  which  they  pertain. 

The  captain  parses  along  the  ranks  and  then  inspects  the  mules' 
equipment.  The  inspection  completed,  he  returns  to  the  right  of 
the  company  and  commands  CLOSE  PACKS. 

The  men  close  their  packs  as  prescribed  in  paragraph  747,  Infantry 
Drill  Regulations,  and  then  repack  the  mules.  The  mules  being 
packed,  the  men  form  in  rear  of  their  own  packs.  The  captain  com- 
mands SLING  EQUIPMENT. 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  43 

The  equipments  are  slung  and  belts  fastened. 

The  captain  then  causes  the  company  to  assemble. 

The  mules  are  led  to  the  flank  and  take  their  proper  positions  in 
rear  of  their  squads. 

22U  Should  the  inspector  be  other  than  the  captain,  the  latter, 
after  the  company  has  completed  its  preparation  for  inspection, 
conmiands:  REST,  and  takes  post  in  front  of  the  right  guide  of  the 
com  pany  on  the  same  line  as  the  platoon  leaders . 

222,  When  the  inspector  approaches,  the  captain  faces  to  the  left, 
brings  the  company  to  attention,  faces  to  the  front,  and  salutes. 
The  salute  acknowledged,  the  captain  carries  saber. 

The  inspection  proceeds  as  before:  the  captain  returns  saber  and 
accompanies  the  inspector  as  soon  as  the  latter  pavsses  him, 

323.  Should  the  company  be  inspected  with  the  regiment,  the 
captain  carries  saber,  but  does  not  salute  upon  the  approach  of  the 
inspector. 

MUSTER. 

224.  The  inspection  preceding  muster  is  conducted  as  abovO  pre- 
scribed for  the  company.  The  company  is  then  mustered  as  pre- 
scribed in  paragraph  756,  Infantry  Drill  Regulations. 

TACTICAL  EMPLOYMENT  OF  MACHINE  GUNS. 

INTRODUCTION. 

325.  Machine  guns  are  not  a  fourth  arm.  Their  proper  rdle  on 
the  field  of  battle  is  supplementary  and  auxiliary  to  rifle  fire. 

226.  The  maneuvering  and  handling  of  machine  guns  on  the  field 
of  battle  must  have  for  its  one  and  only  object  the  utilization  of 
their  fire  power  to  its  full  effect. 

227.  Proper  and  commensurate  results  from  the  employment  of 
machine  guns  can  not  be  looked  for  except  when  the  training  and 
instruction  in  the  working  and  manipulation  of  the  guns  have  been 
thorough  and  complete.  Neither  can  commensurate  results  be 
expected  unless  these  weapons  receive  proper  tactical  employment. 

228.  All  officers  should  familiarize  themselves  with  their  uses, 
for  it  is  only  by  proper  coordination  and  the  utilization  of  their  full 
fire  power,  in  conjunction  ^\^Lth  the  fighting  power  of  his  main  com- 
mand, that  a  commander  can  obtain  the  maximum  results.    A  true 


44  MACHINE-GUN  DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

knowledge  of  their  capabilities  and  limitations  is  therefore  essential 
to  all  commanders. 

229,  The  difficulties  of  control  in  action  will  require  that  great 
latitude  be  given  to  machine-gun  commanders.  A  thorough  under- 
standing of  the  commander's  plan  of  action  and  an  intimate  knowl- 
edge of  the  principles  of  combat  of  all  arms,  is  essential  to  the 
machine-gun  commander  in  order  that  in  any  given  situation  he  will 
be  able  to  contribute  to  the  general  success. 

330.  Careful  study,  participation  in  combat  exercises  and  maneu- 
vers with  the  regiment  and  other  units,  and  the  execution  of  combat 
exercises,  in  which  the  presence  of  other  arms  is  assumed,  must  form 
a  great  part  of  the  training  of  machine-gun  organizations. 

331.  Any  officer  or  intelligent  enlisted  man  who  has  been  properly 
instructed  can  master  the  details  of  drill,  mechanism  and  firing,  but 
it  is  only  by  proper  study  and  from  experience  gained  in  combat, 
either  real  or  assumed,  that  a  machine-gun  commander  can  hope  to 
learn  how  to  handle  his  guns  correctly  in  the  field. 

233.  The  essential  characteristics  of  machine-gun  fire  as  com- 
pared with  collective  rifle  fire  are:  Its  volume,  due  to  the  mechanical 
action  of  the  guns;  its  density,  due  to  the  compactness  and  small 
dimensions  of  the  cone  of  dispersion;  the  facility  with  which  fire  can 
be  opened,  directed  and  controlled;  and  its  nerve-racking  rattle 
which  gives  to  it  a  moral  effect  greater  than  that  of  collective  rifle 
fire. 

333.  The  machine  gun  is  light  in  weight,  easily  handled  and  can 
be  carried  into  action  by  hand.  Extra  men  are  required  to  supply 
it  with  ammunition  and  to  observe  the  effects  of  its  fire. 

The  machine  gun  represents  a  concentrated  mass  of  rifle  fire 
that  can  be  used  from  a  contracted  front  in  a  short  time,  against 
a  given  target  to  produce  a  desired  result. 

334.  The  machine  gun  does  not  require  a  larger  target  than  the 
rifleman,  but  annihilating  effects  are  produced  better  and  more 
quickly  upon  dense  and  compact  targets.  The  amount  of  ammuni- 
tion required  to  produce  a  particular  result  will  increase  very 
rapidly  as  the  density  of  the  target  decreases. 

335.  The  compactness  of  the  cone  of  dispersion  makes  it  profitable 
to  employ  their  fire  in  preference  to  rifle  fire  at  long  and  distant  ranges 
when  artillery  is  not  available  and  when  the  situation  demands  that 
targets  at  these  ranges  be  taken  under  fire. 


MACHINE-GUN  DRILL  REGULATIONS.  46 

336.  Machine  guns  can  not,  on  account  of  their  limited  ammunition 
supply,  keep  up  an  uninterrupted  fire  action. 

337.  The  decisive  moments  of  an  action  are  the  times  of  all  others  for 
their  use.    Their  great  fire  power  must  be  economized  for  these  moments. 

338.  Being  weapons  of  "emergency"  or  '^ opportunity,"  their  use 
is  determined  by  the  opportunities  that  arise  during  the  progress 
of  an  engagement  in  which  full  advantage  may  be  taken  of  the 
special  characteristics  of  their  fire  power. 

339.  The  task  to  be  assigned  to  the  machine-gun  organization  in 
any  particular  engagement  is  governed  by  the  opportunities  that 
are  likely  to  arise  in  which  the  fire  power  of  the  guns  may  be  most 
effectively  employed.  The  character  of  the  battle  or  pending  en- 
gagement, whether  offensive  or  defensive;  the  general  tactical  prin- 
ciples appUcable  thereto;  the  part  to  be  played  therein  by  the  regi- 
ment or  force  to  which  attached;  the  terrain  and  its  adaptability 
for  the  use  of  the  guns;  and  the  state  of  the  ammunition  supply,  are 
the  principal  factors  that  determine  the  proper  employment  of  the 
machine-gun  organization. 

340.  The  machine-gun  organization  should  generally  be  employed 
as  a  whole.  If  necessity  demands,  it  may  be  divided  into  platoons, 
but  guns  should  never  be  employed  singly  except  under  exceptional 
circumstances. 

341.  In  general,  when  the  results  desired  can  be  obtained  without 
the  fire  of  machine  guns,  this  fire  should  be  reserved. 

343.  When  guns  are  available,  it  may  be  advantageous  to  attach 
them  to  convoys;  to  troops  detailed  to  guard  and  protect  lines  of  com- 
munication; to  defend  bridgeheads,  blockhouses,  etc. 

343.  Supports  will  be  provided  for  machine  guns  when  necessary. 
Their  flank  protection  is  ordinarily  secured  by  combat  patrols.  (Pars. 
396,  397,  398  and  399,  I.  D.  R.,  and  par.  609,  Cavalry  Service  Regu- 
lations.) Communication  between  the  combat  patrols  and  the  ma- 
chine guns  will  be  maintained  by  scouts  specially  assigned  to  this 
duty  from  the  machine-gun  personnel. 

344.  In  irregular  operations,  special  care  and  precaution  must  be 
taken  for  their  protection  on  the  march.  They  are  particularly  vul- 
nerable on  the  march  in  close  country. 

345.  Their  use  must  be  governed  by  the  object  of  the  expedition 
and  the  character  and  weapons  of  the  enemy.  When  in  position 
their  fire  is  well  adapted  to  stop  fanatical  rushes  and  is  terrifying 
and  paralyzing  in  effect  against  semiciviUzed  people. 


46  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

246.  Machine  guns  are  also  of  great  use  in  street  fighting,  in  quell- 
ing riots  and  in  dispersing  mobs. 

347.  Because  of  the  extended  front  of  modern  battle  lines  it  will 
often  be  the  case  that  only  mounted  troops  can  reach  decisive  points 
quickly  enough  to  seize  favorable  opportunities,  in  which  the  ma- 
chine guns  attached  to  the  cavalry  will  play  an  important  role. 

Machine  guns  with  cavalry  must,  therefore,  have  the  mobility  of 
cavalry. 

348.  Their  action,  particularly  with  the  independent  cavalry,  is 
fire  action  with  the  aim  of  increasing  the  offensive  and  defensive 
power  of  mounted  troops  and  of  facilitating  the  execution  of  their 
tactical  mission.  Normally,  their  fire  will  be  used  to  augment  the 
fire  of  dismounted  troops,  but  occasions  will  frequently  arise  when 
their  fire  will  take  the  place  of  the  dismounted  fire  action  of  the  cav- 
alry, thereby  leaving  the  latter  free  to  utilize  its  mounted  action. 

349.  Promptness  in  grasping  the  situation,  good  judgment  in  plac- 
ing the  guns,  and  accuracy  in  determining  ranges  must  be  developed 
in  officers  and  enlisted  men. 

350.  With  the  cavalry,  machine  guns  take  an  important  part  in 
pursuing  the  retreating  enemy  or  in  covering  a  withdrawal.  In  sup- 
porting artillery  they  should  operate  on  its  exposed  flank.  Their 
use  against  artillery  is  exceptional  and  only  when  artillery  is  limber- 
ing or  unlimbering,  or  when  a  position  can  be  reached  at  close  range 
against  the  flank. 

351.  In  the  approach  march  of  cavalry  against  cavalry,  the  ma- 
chine-gun detachment  must  take  up  positions  as  quickly  as  possible 
to  support  the  deployment. 

353.  During  the  cavalry  battle,  machine-gun  fire  on  the  portion 
of  the  enemy's  cavalry  against  which  the  decisive  charge  is  to  be 
delivered  may  throw  it  into  confusion. 

353.  During  mounted  attacks  against  the  flank  of  dismounted 
troops  or  artillery,  well-chosen  opportunities  for  machine-gun  fire 
from  the  front  may  hold  the  enemy  in  place  and  prevent  his  changing 
position  to  face  the  attacking  cavalry. 

354.  In  the  execution  of  the  important  missions  intrusted  to  the 
cavalry,  there  will  be  great  opportunities  for  the  machine  guns  not 
only  in  the  frontal  attack  but  in  operations  against  the  flank  or  in 
rear  of  the  hostile  lines. 

'    355.  After  a  successful  assault,  the  machine  guns  should  be  ad- 
vanced as  rapidly  as  possible  to  assist  in  repelling  counter  attacks 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  47 

or  to  join  in  the  pursuit.  The  fire  of  the  guns  at  this  time  is  par- 
ticularly effective  and  should  be  utilized  up  to  extreme  ranges  in 
order  to  prevent  the  reorganization  of  the  enemy's  forces  and  to  create 
further  confusion  in  his  ranks. 

256.  If  the  assault  be  not  successful,  the  machine  guns  must  be 
in  position  to  cover  the  withdrawal. 

257.  To  open  the  way  for  independent  cavalry,  to  assist  the 
cavalry  of  the  advance  guard  to  seize  important  points,  to  be  held 
by  the  chief  as  a  fire  reserve,  ready  to  support  threatened  points 
and  to  aid  dismounted  troops  in  gaining  superiority  of  fire,  are  the 
principal  missions  of  machine  guns. 

258.  No  definite  position  in  the  regiment  for  the  machine  guns 
on  other  than  ordinary  marches  can  be  prescribed,  as  this  will 
depend  upon  the  possible  use  to  be  made  of  them.  Their  position 
must,  however,  be  such  that,  without  interfering  with  the  maneuver- 
ing of  the  regiment,  the  guns  will  be  ready  to  carry  out  tasks  assigned 
to  them. 

MACHINE   GUNS   WITH   THE   ADVANCE    GUARD. 

259.  The  machine  guns  attached  to  the  advance  guard  may  be 
utilized  most  effectively  to  force  the  enemy  to  deploy  at  a  distance, 
thus  delaying  his  advance  long  enough  to  allow  the  infantry  to  come 
up,  to  gain  and  hold  important  ground,  to  cover  the  deployment  of 
the  main  body,  and  in  general,  to  carry  out  the  aggressive  mission 
usually  assigned  to  an  advance  guard. 

260.  As  a  rule,  therefore,  the  machine  guns  of  the  advance  guard 
should  be  ordered  into  action  early  and  later  withdrawn,  to  be  held 
in  readiness  for  further  employment  as  soon  as  sufficient  troops  are 
deployed  to  make  their  use  during  the  early  stages  of  the  action 
unprofitable. 

261.  At  long  ranges  observation  of  the  effect  of  fire  and  the  target 
will  ordinarily  not  be  such  as  to  warrant  the  use  of  machine  guns  to 
combat  the  defender's  long-range  rifle  or  machine-gun  fire.  The 
machine-gun  organization,  therefore,  will  seldom  be  justified  in 
going  into  action  or  opening  fire  at  ranges  greater  than  1,500  yards. 


262.  In  defense  it  will  often  be  necessary  to  strengthen  the  firing 
line  at  threatened  points,  to  support  a  counter  attack,  to  prevent 


48  MACHINE-GUN  DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

flanking  movements,  to  resist  the  final  charge,  or  to  cover  a  with- 
drawal. This  demands  the  development  at  certain  points  of  a  highly 
concentrated  volume  of  fire  in  the  shortest  possible  time. 

The  development  of  this  kind  of  fire  is  the  function  of  machine 
guns.  Positions  in  the  line  of  defense  should  be  prepared  and  cover 
constructed  whenever  the  time  permits,  in  order  that  the  attack, 
in  whatever  direction  it  may  develop,  may  be  met  with  the  maximum 
fire  power  of  the  guns.  Ranges  to  prominent  points  should  be 
measured. 

263.  The  area  to  be  covered  by  fire  should  be  determined  and 
such  positions  selected  as  will  enable  the  guns  to  command  narrow 
approaches,  cover  dead  spaces,  and  bring  cross  fire  to  bear  on  ground 
in  front  of  trenches  and  other  important  defensive  works.  This  is 
particularly  the  case  when  night  attacks  are  expected .  Concealment 
and  cover  from  rifle  and  shrapnel  fire  should  be  constructed  when 
possible.  Secondary  positions  should  also  be  selected  and  prepared 
for  use  in  case  the  original  positions  become  untenable. 

While  the  guns  should  be  in  position  at  the  beginning  of  an  action, 
their  fire  should  be  reserved  until  stages  when  the  targets  are  most 
vulnerable. 

364.  It  must  be  remembered  that,  while  in  attack  an  intense 
fire  distributed  along  the  enemy's  front,  irrespective  of  hits,  will 
generally  prevent  him  from  from  rising  to  take  aim  and  fire,  and  thus 
permit  the  advance  of  our  firing  line,  it  is  only  by  means  of  hits  and 
casualties  produced  that  an  attack  can  be  stopped.  To  paralyze 
the  attack  by  large  losses  in  a  minimum  time  by  sudden  overwhelming 
und  unexpected  fire  is  the  principal  function  of  machine  guns  in  the 
defense.  Such  losses  and  such  effect  can  be  produced  only  when 
the  targets  are  large  and  vulnerable,  as  in  the  last  stages  of  the  attack. 

DELAYING   AND   REAR-GUARD   ACTIONS. 

365.  In  a  "delaying  action"  the  machine-gun  organization  should 
be  assigned  a  position  where  it  will  be  able  to  concentrate  its  long- 
range  fire  on  the  closed  bodies  of  the  enemy,  force  his  early  deploy- 
ment, and  cover  the  withdrawal.  Machine  guns  attached  to  the 
rear  guard  should  be  employed  in  the  same  general  manner. 

In  these  actions,  owing  to  the  volume  of  fire  which  they  are  capable 
of  developing  from  a  narrow  front  and  the  ease  with  which  they  can 
be  withdrawn  from  action,  machine  guns  should  find  one  of  their 
most  valuable  employments. 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  49 

WITHDRAWAL   FROM   ACTION. 

266,  In  a  ** withdrawal  from  action"  the  machine-gun  organiza- 
tion should  be  employed  in  the  same  general  manner  as  in  delaying 
and  rear-guard  actions. 

RECONNOISSANCE . 

367.  The  machine  gun  being  a  weapon  of  opportunity,  the  occa- 
sions for  its  fire  will  arise  quickly  and  pass  as  quickly;  its  effect 
therefore  must  be  immediate  and  decisive.  Time  occupied  in  the 
search  for  technical  and  tactical  advantages  must  not  delay  the 
action. 

A  good  eye  for  ground  and  skill  in  making  use  of  cover  is  all- 
important  and  every  position  should  be  reconnoitered  previous  to 
its  selection  and  occupation. 

368,  The  duty  of  locating  the  enemy  and  securing  information 
concerning  him  devolves  in  general  upon  other  troops.  A  machine- 
^un  commander  must,  however,  obtain  for  himself  such  special 
mformation  as  is  needed  to  insure  the  proper  posting  and  the  effect- 
ive employment  of  the  guns  to  carry  out  the  task  assigned  to  them. 

He  must  know  what  and  where  the  targets  are,  where  there  are 
suitable  fire  positions,  and  the  best  means  offered  by  the  terrain  for 
approach  thereto. 

269.  From  knowledge  gained  through  his  j^reliminary  reconnois- 
sance  with  the  detachment  commander,  the  machine-gun  commander 
may  be  able  to  at  once  select  positions  for  his  guns  and  conduct  them 
into  position.  If  not,  additional  reconnoissance  must  be  made  by 
him  and  his  subordinates,  assisted  by  enlisted  men  speciall}^  trained 
as  scouts,  who  should  be  well  mounted  and  equipped  with  field 
glasses. 

270.  When  an  action  is  imminent,  the  scouts  may  be  from  700  to 
1,000  yards  in  advance  of  the  command,  with  which  they  retain 
communication  by  signal  or  otherwise.  They  will  discover  and 
report: 

(a)  The  position  of  the  enemy. 
(6)  The  position  of  friendly  troops. 

(c)  Good  firing  positions. 

(d)  Routes  for  the  advance  of  the  guns  under  cover. 

271.  As  soon  as  the  position  is  selected,  the  scouts  should  fall  back 
on  the  flanks,  keeping  in  constant  communication  with  the  ''com- 


50  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

bat  patrols"  and  giving  timely  warning  of  the  approach  of  hostile 
patrols  or  of  movements  of  the  enemy  threatening  the  flanks. 

^72.  Scouts  should  always  operate  in  pairs  or  greater  numbers. 

.S'JS.  If  assigned  to  the  reserve  or  on  defense,  reconnoissance  must 
also  be  made  and  firing  data  obtained  for  use  in  case  the  guns  are 
put  into  action. 

274.  Patrols  preceding  the  guns  should  never  go  into  the  proposed 
positions  unless  ordered  to  do  so,  as  they  are  likely  to  expose  them- 
selves and  thus  betray  the  position.  They  should  approach  the 
position  close  enough  to  assure  themselves  that  it  is  not  occupied  by 
the  enemy. 

375,  The  time  and  place  for  preparing  for  action  and  moving  the 
guns  forward  by  hand  will  depend  upon  the  terrain  and  the  state  of 
the  engagement.  As  a  general  rule  the  guns  should  remain  in  pack 
and  be  transported  as  close  to  the  contemplated  position  as  cover 
from  view  and  fire  of  the  enemy  will  permit. 

SELECTION    OF   A   POSITION. 

!^76.  Before  a  position  is  selected  and  occupied  by  the  guns  it 
must  be  reconnoitered  by  the  machine-gun  commander  in  person. 

277.  It  is  only  when  moving  to  the  rear  in  delaying  or  rear-guard 
actions,  when  the  machine-gun  commander's  position  is  with  the 
guns,  that  a  subordinate  may  be  sent  to  select  a  position. 

278.  In  selecting  a  position  the  attainment  of  the  greatest  fire 
effect  and  the  tactical  requirements  of  the  task  assigned  must  govern. 

279.  The  following  are,  in  general,  the  features  to  be  sought  in  the 
selection  of  a  position : 

In  attack y  when  supporting  the  advance  of  the  attacking  line, 
effective  range  (1,500  yards  or  less);  a  clear  view  of  the  enemy's 
position;  sufficient  height  above  or  distance  from  the  flank  of  the 
firing  line  so  as  not  to  endanger  or  obstruct  its  advance ;  facility  for 
moving  forward  to  within  close  range  (600  yards)  of  the  enemy's 
position. 

In  defense,  an  extended  clear  field  of  fire  on  which  a  good  fire  effect 
is  possible  up  to  within  the  shortest  range;  a  firing  line  at  right 
angles  to  the  line  of  fire;  cover  obstructing  the  enemy's  view;  good 
communications  laterally  and  to  the  rear. 

In  delaying  or  rear -guard  actions,  short  ranges  wiD  not  be  used  ordi 
narily,  and  the  position  selected  should  allow  for  the  development 
of  the  greatest  fire  effect  at  ranges  from  600  to  1 ,500  yards  or  more. 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  51 

380.  Positions  close  to  objects,  the  range  of  which  is  known  to  the 
enemy,  are  to  be  avoided.  Those  near  prominent  objects,  as  they 
aid  the  enemy  to  find  the  range,  are  to  be  avoided.  A  position  in 
front  of  a  dark  background,  or  ground  covered  with  suitable  growth, 
will  make  it  difficult  for  the  enemy  to  find  the  range.  Eveiy  kind 
of  mask  to  hinder  observation  by  the  enemy  should  be  used. 

381»  In  delaying  or  rear-guard  actions  positions  coshering  the 
exit  of  defiles,  bridges,  fords  or  any  obstacle  which  causes  the 
enemy  to  assume  a  narrow,  deep  formation,  should  be  selected. 

One  carefully  planned  ambush  will  often  do  more  to  delay  an 
enemy  than  the  most  stubborn  stand. 

OCCUPATION   OF  A    POSITION. 

283.  The  requirements  of  the  situation  will  demand  that  fre- 
quently the  gun  detachments,  and  at  times  the  guns,  be  kept  under 
cover  and  in  readiness  in  rear  of  or  near  the  actual  firing  positions 
until  the  opportune  moment  for  opening  fire  arrives.  This  will 
usually  be  the  case  in  the  attack  and  also  in  defense  when  time  does 
not  permit  of  the  deliberate  preparation  of  firinsf  positions. 

383.  For  this  purpose  the  squads  should  be  held  in  line  of  squad 
columns  or  line  of  skirmishers  covering  the  front  to  be  occupied  by 
the  guris. 

384.  \\'henever  time  is  available,  artificial  cover  for  the  guns 
should  be  constructed. 

385.  The  machine-gun  commander  will  give  such  necessary 
instructions  or  commands  for  taking  the  firing  formation,  occupying 
the  position  and  opening  fire  as  the  situation  demands. 

Particular  effort  must  be  made  to  take  position  under  cover  and 
to  surprise  the  enemy  by  a  sudden  opening  of  fire. 

If  the  guns  must  go  into  action  ^Aithout  delay,  th6  commander 
must  endeavor  to  surprise  the  enemy  by  the  rapidity  with  which  he 
takes  the  firing  formation  and  opens  fire. 

386.  The  position  of  each  gun  is  selected  by  the  squad  leader  with 
due  regard  to  fire  effect  and  cover.  The  interval  between  the  guns 
will  depend  upon  the  available  front  and  the  kind  of  fire,  artillery 
or  infantry,  to  which  the  guns  are  to  be  subjected.  If  liable  to  come 
under  artillery  fire,  the  interval  should,  in  general,  be  such  as  to 
insure  that  no  two  guns  are  included  in  the  burst  of  a  single  shrapnel. 
This  interval  can  be  taken  to  be  not  less  than  20  yards.    The  greater 


52  MACHINE-GUN  DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

the  interval  the  more  difficult  the  central  control.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  closer  together  the  guns  are  placed  the  greater  their 
vulnerability. 

COMMUNICATION. 

387.  During  ^he  action  communication  is  maintained  between  the 
machine-gun  commander  and  the  detachment  commander  by  mes- 
sengers or  signals.  Communication  must  be  maintained  also  with 
the  noncommissioned  officer  in  charge  of  the  led  animals.  Signals 
are  used  whenever  practicable. 

MANEUVER  OF  THE    GUNS   DURING  ACTION. 

388.  In  attack,  no  opportunity  should  be  lost  for  advancing  the 
guns  from  one  position  to  another,  in  order  to  reach  a  position  within 
close  range  of  the  enemy  by  the  time  the  attacking  line  is  ready  to 
deliver  the  assault. 

The  final  position  selected  for  the  guns  should  be  such  that  in 
case  the  assault  is  successful  the  guns  may  be  advanced  rapidly  to 
assist  in  holding  it  or  to  join  the  troops  sent  in  pursuit;  or,  in  case 
of  repulse  or  counter  attack,  that  the  guns  can  cover  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  firing  line.  • 

389.  The  advance  of  the  guns  should  be  subsequent  to  that  of  the 
attacking  line  which  they  are  supporting. 

Constant  endeavor  should  be  made  to  maintain  close  relation  with 
the  advancing  firing  line,  and  opportune  moments  seized  for  the 
advance  of  the  guns  under  cover  of  its  fire. 

390.  The  advance  should  preferably  be  made  on  the  flank,  and 
successive  positions  for  the  gun  selected  with  the  one  object  of  aiding 
the  advancing  line. 

391.  Whatever  cover  is  afforded  by  the  natural  features  of  the 
terrain  must  be  taken  advantage  of  in  advancing  the  guns.  Exposed 
places  must  be  crossed  at  a  run  and  in  a  sufficiently  extended  for- 
mation to  minimize  losses. 

393.  In  the  defense,  after  occupying  a  position  once  assigned, 
the  further  maneuver  of  the  guns  will  generally  be  determined  and 
prescribed  by  the  commander  of  the  force  to  which  attached. 

393.  In  rear  guard  or  delaying  actions,  the  movement  of  the  guns 
must  conform  to  that  of  the  troops  to  which  attached. 


MACHINE-GTJN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  63 

A  subordinate  officer  and  men  with  the  necessary  engineering 
tools  should  be  sent  to  the  rear  for  the  purpose  of  selecting  and  pre- 
paring successive  positions  for  the  guns. 

The  amount  of  resistance  that  is  to  be  made  at  each  of  the  successive 
positions  is  determined  by  the  orders  of  the  rear  guard  or  other 
commander. 

Care  should  be  exercised  that  the  guns  do  not  become  so  involved 
in  any  position  as  to  prevent  their  withdrawal. 

OPENING   AND    CONDUCTING   THE    FIRE. 

394.  The  decision  to  open  fire  must  not  be  made  hastily.  In 
advance  guard,  rear  guard  and  delaying  actions,  when  the  object 
sought  is  to  delay  the  advance  of  the  enemy,  fire  should  generally 
be  opened  as  early  as  possible. 

295.  In  all  cases  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  effectiveness 
of  machine-gun  fire,  like  that  of  rifle  fire,  is  dependent  mainly  upon 
the  range. 

296.  Firing  over  the  heads  of  our  own  troops  is  an  admissible 
procedure,  but  should  be  resorted  to  only  when  the  terrain  is  such  as 
to  give  the  guns  sufficient  height  above  them  and  the  conditions  and 
circumstances  of  the  action  demand  it. 

297.  When  machine  guns  are  employed  to  support  a  Cavalry 
charge,  the  concealment  of  the  guns  in  the  fire  position  is  of  minor 
importance.  The  chief  object  to  aim  at  is  to  keep  the  guns  hidden 
until  such  moment  as  they  can  be  brought  into  action  suddenly 
from  a  position  whence  the  fire  of  everjr  gun  can  be  concentrated 
on  the  enemy  just  before  the  moment  of  impact. 

To  effect  this  the  machine-gun  commander  must  act  with  prompt- 
itude and  decision  and  clearly  understand  the  cavalry  commander 's 
plan  of  action. 

When  this  fire  becomes  masked  by  the  advance  the  machine-gun 
commander  must  be  on  the  alert  for  opportunities  to  fire  on  the 
enemy 's  supports  and  reserves. 

298.  Tactical  importance  must  govern  in  the  choice  of  a  target. 
In  the  attack  that  part  of  the  enemy's  line  against  which  the  attack- 
ing line  is  advancing  will  usually  be  the  proper  target.  The  open- 
ing and  duration  of  the  fire,  in  this  case,  must  be  governed  entirely 
by  the  opportunities  offered  for  helping  the  attacking  line.  As 
long  as  the  line  is  able  to  advance  by  means  of  its  own  force  or  fire 


54  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

power,  the  fire  of  the  guns  should  be  withheld.  As  the  advance 
of  the  line  becomes  more  difficult,  opportunities  for  the  use  of  the 
guns  will  present  themselves.  The  proper  moment  for  opening 
fire  can  be  determined  only  by  close  observation  of  the  advancing 
line.  Active  preparations  in  the  attacking  line  to  move  forward 
or  the  beginning  of  the  advance  by  rushes  will  generally  indicate 
the  proper  moment  for  opening  fire. 

399.  The  decision  to  open  fire  must  not  he  made  dependent  upon 
the^  possibility  q/"  securing  hits,  the  suppression  of  the  enemy's  fire 
being  equally  important.  The  enemy's  firing  line,  whatever  its 
vulnerability,  must  be  covered  with  as  great  a  volume  of  fire  as 
possible  and  firing  continued  until  the  attacking  line  has  established 
itself  in  its  advanced  position.  Fire  should  then  be  suspended 
imtil  another  favorable  opportunity  presents  itself. 

300.  When  the  attacking  line  has  reached  the  position  from  which 
the  asssault  is  to  be  delivered  the  maximum  fire  power  of  the  guns 
must  be  joined  to  that  of  the  attacking  line  in  the  preparation  for 
the  assault.  Here  again  close  observation  of  the  attacking  line  is 
necessary  to  determine  the  proper  moment  for  opening  fire. 

301.  During  the  assault,  if  the  position  of  the  guns  is  such  that 
fire  can  be  delivered  without  endangering  the  attacking  troops,  this 
should  be  done,  the  elevation  being  increased  as  the  assaulting  line 
advances  so  as  to  cover  the  ground  in  rear  of  the  enemy's  position. 

303.  When  the  guns  are  assigned  a  task  in  the  defense,  the  time 
for  opening  fire  must  be  governed  entirely  by  the  possibility  of 
making  hits  and  definitely  stopping  the  advance, 

303.  The  advance  of  the  enemy  to  the  assault  must  always  be  the 
signal  for  opening  fire  with  the  maximum  fire  power  of  the  guns. 
Previous  to  this  time  when  deciding  upon  opening  fire  the  probable 
losses  that  will  be  inflicted  upon  the  enemy  must  be  weighed 
against  the  probability  of  the  guns  being  disabled  by  the  enemy's 
artillery  before  the  assault  is  attempted,  in  case  the  position  of  the 
guns  is  disclosed. 

304.  When  the  tactical  requirements  of  the  situation  do  not  define 
a  target  consideration  will  be  given  to  those  targets  which  promise 
a  large  percentage  of  hits.  Large,  deep,  broad  and  dense  targets 
should  then  be  selected,  if  visible. 

305.  It  must  be  borne  constantly  in  mind  that  the  ammunition 
supply  is  limited.    When,  however,  it  is  decided  to  open  fire  upon  a 


MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS.  65 

target  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  a  particular  result,  the  neces- 
sary ammunition  must  be  expended  without  hesitation. 

''Fire  of  insufficient  effect  weakens  the  moral  element  of  one's 
own  troops  while  strengthening  that  of  the  enemy." 

306.  Losses  inflicted  upon  the  enemy  are  all  the  more  demoraliz- 
ing in  effect  if  produced  in  a  brief  period.  In  most  cases,  there- 
fore, it  will  be  advisable  to  open  fire  from  all  the  guns  simultane- 
ously. 

307.  A  change  of  targets  is  made  only  when  the  guns  have  been 
successful  in  their  firing  at  the  former  target.  Frequent  changes  of 
target  weaken  the  fire  effect  and  are  therefore  to  be  avoided. 

308.  It  will  not  be  possible  to  avoid  on  all  occasions  the  distribu- 
tion of  fire  over  several  objectives;  but  the  distribution  of  the  fire 
must  not  degenerate  into  a  useless,  ineffective  di\ision. 

THE    LED   ANIMALS. 

309.  When  the  organization  is  engaged  the  led  animals  are  left 
under  cover.  They  are  held  in  any  suitable  formation,  provided 
they  are  enabled  to  leave  their  position  quickly. 

310.  The  noncommissioned  officer  in  charge  must  remain  in  con- 
stant communication  with  the  organization  and  follow  its  movements 
as  closely  as  possible,  even  though  he  has  received  no  orders  to  that 
effect,  and  he  must  keep  in  constant  readiness  to  move  forward  and 
transport  the  guns  and  ammunition. 

311.  Whenever  necessary  the  security  of  the  led  animals  must 
be  provided  for  by  the  posting  of  small  combat  patrols  or  covering 
detachments. 

AMMUNITION    SUPPLY. 

313.  Before  going  into  action  such  additional  ammunition  as  the 
pack  animals  can  carry  is  added  to  their  loads. 

313.  The  ammunition  carried  with  the  guns  and  in  the  combat 
train  will  ordinarily  be  sufficient  for  one  day's  fighting.  After  the 
animals  are  unloaded  and  the  organization  prepares  for  action  the 
necessary  men  and  animals  may  be  sent  back  to  the  combat  train  to 
secure  ammunition. 

314.  Immediately  after  an  engagement  or  as  soon  as  possible 
after  the  arrival  of  the  refilled  combat  wagons  of  the  regiment  steps 
must  be  taken  to  replace  the  ammunition  expended  in  action. 


66  MACHINE-GUN   DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

CONSTRUCTION    OF   COVER. 

'SIS.  "^Tieii  using  natural  cover  or  constructing  artificial  cover  it 
should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  angle  of  fall  of  rifle  fire  distant  900 
yards  is  about  1  degree  and  that  the  angle  of  fall  of  shrapnel  is  about 
7  degrees.  To  secure  defilade  these  angles  should  be  exceeded. 
The  trenches  described  in  paragraphs  484  et  seq.,  Infantry  Drill 
Regulations,  are  appropriate  and  adaptable  for  the  use  of  the  gun 
squads. 

316.  When  the  regiment  intrenches,  positions  in  the  line  of  defense 
are  assigned  to  the  guns  by  the  regimental  commander.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  machine-gun  organization  construct  and  develop  trenches 
according  to  the  time  available  and  the  amount  of  protection  deemed 
necessary. 

317.  Special  care  must  be  taken  in  the  selection  of  profile  and 
in  the  construction  of  loopholes  that  the  foreground  can  be  swept  by 
the  fire  of  the  guns  and  that  the  field  of  fire  conforms  to  that  con- 
templated in  the  instructions  of  the  regimental  commander. 

318.  It  is  most  important  that  the  location  of  the  machine  guns  in 
the  line  of  defense  be  concealed.  For  this  reason  all  possible  means 
should  be  taken  for  the  concealment  of  their  trenches,  and  profiles 
that,  in  the  general  line  of  defense,  would  be  distinguished  readily 
by  the  enemy  should  be  avoided. 

It  may  be  necessary  to  construct  hasty  cover  for  the  guns  in  the 
attack  or  when  the  machine-gun  organization  has  been  assigned  some 
special  mission. 

319.  If  natural  cover  is  available  for  the  other  men,  only  such  cover 
is  constructed  as  is  necessary  for  the  guns  and  the  men  connected 
with  their  service. 


"IVTACHINE- 

GUN  DRILL  REGTJLA 

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5JS. 

Captain 

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K~h<)rderli€S 

C/)ief  of  P/atoon 
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57 


PLATE  / 

T/?e  3<faac/  in  Co/un^n  //ormaf  format/on  —  Par  97 
The  3qaaa/ron  Cor P/aroonJ  in  Ltne  tvith  iVormaf  /nren^<3/s  -  SYd^.  -  Pars.  /20,  /Z/,  f22. 


58 


MACHINE-GTJN  DRILL  REGULATIONS. 


<^u6cf  /eao/er 


6 


M 


plate:  ii 

The  '2(fudaf  in  Column  of   Tm'o 
Par /OS 


mac:hine-gun  drill  regulations. 
^^    [Zl5(^uac/  Leader  (5er§e<3nt) 


59 


11  § 


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PLATE  /H  , 

The  Gur)-.3Cjfuac/  i/v/th  packs 
Par  /^6 


60 


MACHINE-GUN  DRILL  REGULATIONS. 


S 


t^_  J ' X ! 


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Pen  /5/ 


MACHINE-GUN  DRILL  REGULATIONS.  61 


o. 


PLATE  1/ 

Right    od/ique 
Per.  /5/ 


MACHINE-GUN  DRILL  REGULATIONS 


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JUD 


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To  turn  on  moving  pivot 

Par.  152 


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MACHINE-GUN  DRIU  REGULATIONS. 


63 


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piAT^:  VII 


, '  To  turn  on  f/^eof  p/Vot 


Par  153 


64  MACHINE-GUN  DRILL  REGULATIONS. 

Captain 


I  fyorje  length 


fito   ! 


\PJafDon  leader 


I  hor^e  fen$fh 

X^^\5gcjad       ^ 

I  2"^ Platoon 
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/  horje/ensth 


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[h      r^m      vsjT]      vem      \n. 

•je/er 

mr\     edA     mn     ran 

lensth 

$  -fi  -6  -Q 

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on     can     tan     mn 


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/  /'^/-J^  /^/T^M 


PLATEVill 

Company  in  L/ne 
Par  /S4 

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e4(]938 


YB  4977 


,,7/7 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


